You’ve advised on major infrastructure, real estate, and cross-border commercial transactions across India and Southeast Asia. How has this international exposure influenced your approach to corporate legal practice?
Advising on major cross-border transactions in Southeast Asian Countries including Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar has significantly shaped my approach to corporate legal practice in three key ways: adaptability, cultural intelligence, and risk sensitivity.
Working across jurisdictions each with its own regulatory landscape, commercial norms, and legal frameworks requires a flexible, solution-oriented mindset. I have learned to quickly assess unfamiliar legal systems and align them with international best practices, ensuring seamless integration for clients operating in multiple markets. Cross-border deals are not just about laws they are about people, relationships, and negotiation styles that vary widely across Southeast Asia. Understanding these nuances has allowed me to anticipate counterparties’ priorities and negotiate more effectively, often bridging gaps that go beyond legal language.
I remember, in the beginning of my career, I was a part of foreign lawyers team, where we used to discuss best practices in various jurisdictions. We use to work collaboratively with local counsel to structure transactions that are both legally sound and commercially viable. Overall, this international experience has reinforced a pragmatic, forward-thinking approach to corporate law balancing legal precision with commercial acumen, always with a view toward helping clients achieve cross-border growth sustainably.
Having worked on joint ventures, franchise agreements, and market entry strategies in countries like Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, what legal or regulatory challenges do you think foreign investors often underestimate in these markets?
In my experience advising on joint ventures, franchise agreements, and market entry strategies in countries like Cambodia, Myanmar, and Laos, foreign investors often underestimate several legal and regulatory challenges, particularly in three areas: regulatory opacity, local partner risks, and enforcement/judicial system. Investors often assume that laws, especially investment and company laws are fully codified and consistently applied. In reality, many regulations in these markets are underdeveloped, ambiguously worded, or enforced unevenly. In joint ventures and franchise models, investors may overlook the importance of deep local due diligence. Investors sometimes don’t appreciate how vital it is to assess a partner’s political exposure, informal influence networks, or track record of compliance, not just their balance sheet. I have also done due diligence of local entities for JV transactions. While contracts might be drafted to international standards, enforcement is a different story. Judicial systems in these markets may lack independence, speed, or the capacity to handle commercial disputes efficiently. Arbitration clauses are increasingly used, but enforcing foreign arbitral awards still comes with practical and procedural hurdles.
From securing mining permissions to resolving land litigation and facilitating tribal land sales, your work requires extensive coordination with government authorities. What strategies have proven most effective for you in managing complex regulatory and compliance issues?
Managing complex regulatory and compliance issues especially in areas like mining permissions, land litigation, and tribal land transactions requires a combination of strategic planning, stakeholder engagement, and proactive communication. initiating dialogue early in the process. Building trust and rapport helps in reducing delays and misunderstandings later. Collaborating with local consultants or retired officials who understand the ground realities and bureaucratic procedures helps in navigating procedural bottlenecks effectively.
With your diverse experience across jurisdictions and sectors, how do you stay abreast of rapidly evolving legal landscapes, particularly when advising on cross-border transactions?
I stay updated through leading international legal databases, newsletters from top law firms, and updates from regulatory bodies like SEBI, RBI, and international organizations.
For cross-border matters, I work closely with reputed local law firms in the relevant jurisdictions such as Lao Law and Consultancy. Their insights help ensure that advice is aligned with both local practice and international best standards.
Beyond black-letter law, I track economic policies, sanctions regimes, and trade developments that influence cross-border deal structuring and risk allocation. This enables more holistic legal advisory.
You’ve worked closely with operations and tech teams to streamline legal workflows. In your view, what role should technology play in modern legal practice, especially in areas like due diligence and contract lifecycle management?
Technology is no longer a support function, it’s becoming a core enabler of modern legal practice. Especially in areas like due diligence and contract lifecycle management (CLM), its role is transformative.
CLM platforms provide insights into contract performance, risk patterns, and renewal cycles. This allows legal teams to move from reactive to proactive governance and to offer business-aligned advice. Tech solutions can flag non-standard clauses, track obligations, etc. By offloading routine work to tech tools, legal teams can focus on higher-value tasks such as negotiation, risk strategy, etc.
What inspired you to pursue a career in law, and how did your time at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, including your Master’s specialization in Business Law, shape your legal perspective?
Coming from a family with no legal background, I often saw people around me struggle with legal issues due to a lack of awareness and access to proper legal guidance. I realized there was a gap and I felt a strong desire to bridge it. The idea of becoming the first in my family to step into the legal field gave me both a sense of responsibility and purpose. It inspired me to be a source of support not just for my family, but for others in similar situations. I wanted to break new ground and prove that even without a legal legacy, one can make a meaningful impact through dedication, learning, and service.”
My time at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law (RGNUL) was pivotal in shaping this vision. The university’s strong academic rigor, coupled with exposure to national-level moot courts, legal aid work, and policy discussions, grounded my understanding of the law not just as theory, but as a practical force. RGNUL also offered a diverse peer network and faculty mentorship that encouraged critical thinking, debate, and an ethical approach to legal practice.
You began your career with an international legal consultancy which is a significant early achievement. What steps did you take to secure this opportunity, and what foundational lessons from that phase still guide your practice today?
Securing an opportunity with Lao Law & Consultancy (LLC) early in my career was the result of deliberate planning, consistent effort, and a focus on aligning my skills with global standards. During law school, I prioritized building a strong foundation in commercial and corporate law while simultaneously engaging in internships, seminars and research etc.
Foundational lessons from that early phase continue to guide my practice today. Understanding that legal advice must be commercially viable and actionable. Recognizing the importance of jurisdictional nuances and the need for precision in cross-border matters. Operating in a fast-paced international setting taught me to stay agile, culturally sensitive, and committed to lifelong learning.
In your current role, where you oversee land-related legal compliance and litigation for mining operations, what are the industry specific legal challenges you face?
Mining projects often span large, fragmented parcels of land, including private, government, forest, and tribal lands. Ensuring clear title, verifying ownership history, and addressing legacy encumbrances or informal claims requires intensive due diligence and strategic legal structuring. I was fortunate to advice and clear more than 600 Acres acquisition in Maharashtra for mining activities. Having previous experience in dealing with land acquisition and due diligence for renewable energy projects helped me a lot in mining projects as well.
A significant challenge lies in obtaining approvals for tribal land transfer, conversion of land from Class-II to Class-I. Obtaining approvals from Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Forest Departments etc. These processes are time-consuming, community-sensitive, and legally intricate. I was also witness to the Public Hearing for a mining project in Maharashtra.
Mining projects frequently face PILs, NGO-led litigation on grounds of environmental impact, displacement, or procedural lapses, litigation for land compensation enhancement. I have seen and studied more than 70 petition filed by local persons for land acquisition compensation enhancement.
The involvement of multiple authorities revenue, forest, tribal welfare, mining, Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) and environment often leads to conflicting interpretations or procedural overlaps.
What advice would you give to students aiming to build an international legal career? Are there any resources or habits that have helped you stay ahead of evolving global legal trends?
Solid grounding in contract law, corporate law, and dispute resolution is essential. Prioritize analytical thinking and precision in legal writing skills that are universally respected across jurisdictions. Don’t limit your reading to national statutes. Study international treaties, arbitral awards, and cross-border case law to understand legal reasoning across systems. Intern with firms that handle cross-border work.Learn a foreign language if possible it can be a major advantage.
Lastly, stay curious and open to different legal cultures. An international legal career is not just about crossing borders it’s about bridging legal systems, people, and perspectives.
With over a decade of experience in corporate legal affairs, what initially drew you to the legal profession? Was it a planned pursuit, or did your interest in law evolve over time?
To be candid, I never planned for my career to shape the way it eventually did. I’ve always believed in the power of timing and going with the flow, and in many ways, the legal profession found me rather than the other way around. Initially, law was more of a functional career choice. However, my interest in the profession evolved significantly during the early years of my corporate tenure.
One of the key turning points was the mentorship I received. I was fortunate to work under a senior who not only trusted me but gave me a free hand to deal with matters independently—whether it was navigating compliance, handling regulatory inquiries, or representing the company before statutory bodies. This autonomy instilled a sense of responsibility and curiosity in me.
I found myself increasingly drawn to the strategic aspect of legal work—how sound legal advice can influence business decisions, mitigate risks, and protect long-term interests. Over time, I began to view the legal function not merely as support but as a value driver within the organization. That shift in perspective was what truly cemented my commitment to the legal profession.
Looking back, what started as a role gradually transformed into a passion. Today, whether it’s regulatory strategy, dispute resolution, or guiding startups through complex compliance landscapes, I find immense satisfaction in the challenges and the continuous learning the field offers.
You’re currently building a specialized platform for startups in the food sector. What are some of the most frequent compliance challenges these businesses face, and how does the platform help them navigate these hurdles in a practical way?
Yes, this has been an idea in the making for quite some time. Having closely observed the food and beverage (F&B) sector, particularly by attending various industry exhibitions and trade fairs, I realized there’s a significant gap in legal awareness and compliance readiness among startups in this space. The food industry in India is evolving rapidly. In fact, according to Invest India, the Indian F&B sector is expected to reach USD 535 billion by 2025, driven by changing consumer preferences, innovation, and a rising number of food startups entering the market each year.
The most frequent compliance challenges startups face are quite fundamental yet critical:
Understanding Regulatory Applicability – Startups often struggle to determine which specific licenses or approvals apply to their product. For example, a plant-based dairy alternative cannot simply replicate the compliance of traditional dairy—its classification and labeling requirements are entirely different.
Knowing Whom to Approach – Navigating through authorities like FSSAI, Legal Metrology, State FDAs, and Pollution Control Boards is overwhelming. Startups don’t know where to begin, especially when their business model spans multiple states or channels (offline, D2C, exports).
Copying Industry Leaders Blindly – Many new entrants simply mimic compliance templates of large FMCG companies, not realizing that their own product category or manufacturing model requires a tailored approach.
This is exactly where our upcoming platform aims to make a difference. It’s being developed as a one-stop ecosystem that not only offers end-to-end compliance support—from FSSAI licensing, label reviews, and legal metrology filings to EPR and state-wise registrations—but also provides legal representation when issues escalate into litigation or adjudication.
The idea is to simplify legal compliance through practical tools, updated regulatory content, and access to on-demand legal professionals who specialize in this domain. The platform is currently in development, and while I can’t share all the details just yet, I can say that it’s being built to bridge a very real and very critical gap in the F&B startup ecosystem.
In the early stages of your career, were there any specific experiences or turning points that deepened your understanding of food laws and regulatory compliance, ultimately guiding you to specialize in this domain?
Yes, there were many such moments. In fact, I often say that having someone place their trust in you early on can completely shape your professional path. I was fortunate to work under mentors who gave me the autonomy to explore, question, and resolve matters independently. That freedom helped me develop a deep, ground-level understanding of how regulations intersect with real business challenges.
One of the turning points was dealing with a product recall that originated from a minor labeling non-compliance. It seemed procedural at first, but the impact was operational, reputational, and financial. That experience taught me that in food law, every word and symbol on a label carries legal weight—and the smallest error can have disproportionate consequences. It was in those moments that my interest in regulatory compliance truly deepened.
Even during my corporate tenure, I made it a point to work across functions—marketing, manufacturing, supply chain—not just to advise them legally, but to understand how decisions were being made on the ground. I always tell the juniors and interns who work with me: don’t wait for permission to get curious. Even if you’re a legal person and your idea in a marketing meeting feels like the dimmest one—speak up. You’ll be surprised how often the “outsider’s perspective” helps, and how much it sharpens your understanding of your own role.
And then, after I transitioned from the corporate setup into independent practice, my learning curve accelerated even more. When you’re working closely with startups and entrepreneurs, especially in the food sector, you begin to see firsthand the complexities and creativity that go into new product development. The challenges are dynamic—whether it’s decoding novel ingredients, managing multi-state compliances, or responding to evolving FSSAI regulations.
Just take a step back and look at the food landscape today. Think about it—five years ago, how many pre-packed food products did we really see in our daily lives? Comparatively few. Today, nearly everything we consume—snacks, beverages, condiments, ready-to-cook meals—is pre-packaged. It’s no longer occasional; it’s integral to our routine. The scope of this sector in the next five to ten years is massive, not just in terms of business growth but also from a regulatory standpoint. It’s an exciting space to be in, and being part of this transformation—while ensuring that safety and compliance go hand-in-hand with innovation—continues to drive my work every day.
Your work spans labour laws, dispute resolution, and policy development. Could you share an experience where you handled a complex labour law issue? How do you stay agile and adapt to the evolving legal landscape in this domain?
Absolutely. One of the most complex and insightful matters I’ve dealt with involved assessing the legal validity of a widespread retainership model adopted by a leading cosmetics brand that operated across various retail formats—including exclusive brand outlets, modern trade counters, and general trade counters.
The company had deployed over 2,000 personnel—primarily as “Beauty Consultants”—engaged on fixed-term retainership contracts. On paper, these individuals were termed as ‘Consultants’ with monthly invoices raised for services rendered. However, upon closer scrutiny, it became evident that the structure did not hold up to the legal tests used to determine the existence of an employer-employee relationship.
We undertook a detailed legal review, mapping the operational realities against judicial benchmarks laid down by the Hon’ble Supreme Court in Balwant Rai Saluja v. Air India Ltd.—specifically focusing on elements like who appoints, who supervises, who pays, who disciplines, and whether continuity of service exists. Our findings revealed that despite the nomenclature of “retainer” or “consultant,” these individuals were under direct control, supervision, and functional command of the management. They were hired, transferred, granted leave, and even disciplined by company supervisors. In other words, the arrangement was more of an employment model disguised as consultancy.
The risk exposure was significant—both under the Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, and under core labour laws like the Payment of Gratuity Act, ESI Act, and Maternity Benefit Act. Moreover, since there was no contractor involved, the management couldn’t take shelter under the principal-employer framework either. We advised a comprehensive review and reclassification of roles, alongside a phased transition towards compliant staffing structures, to mitigate future litigation and regulatory risk.
This matter underscored the importance of not just legal drafting, but understanding how the structure plays out on the ground. Labour laws in India are heavily precedent-based and interpretive—courts tend to prioritize substance over form. So, staying agile means continuously aligning HR practices with legal reality, adapting to new judgments, and anticipating regulatory scrutiny—not reacting to it.
Matters like this also highlight why I’ve always believed in being proactive rather than reactive. Labour compliance isn’t about ticking boxes—it’s about ensuring that your internal structures can stand up to judicial and regulatory scrutiny when tested. That’s the mindset I bring to every assignment in this domain.
You’ve overseen compliance across diverse marketing channels, including traditional advertising and influencer-led campaigns. What are some of the major legal challenges in this space, and how do you help brands align creative strategies with regulations such as ASCI guidelines and emerging digital marketing norms?
This is an area where legal, regulatory, and creative disciplines intersect in very real and often challenging ways. Over the past few years, marketing strategies have evolved rapidly—from traditional print and television ads to influencer-driven digital content and real-time engagement campaigns. And while the mediums have changed, the legal obligations have only become more layered.
One of the core challenges is balancing creative freedom with regulatory compliance. Whether it’s the Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, or ASCI’s Code for Self-Regulation in Advertising—every product category, particularly in the FMCG and food space, comes with defined boundaries for advertising claims, disclosures, and substantiation.
For instance, brands often want to use superlatives like “best,” “purest,” or “clinically proven,” but may lack the documentary evidence or test reports to substantiate such claims. In such cases, I advise internal marketing and product teams right from the conceptualization stage—ensuring that claims are backed by appropriate documentation, lab tests, or consumer studies, and that disclaimers are clear, visible, and compliant with ASCI standards.
With influencer marketing, the challenges are different—but equally significant. The ASCI Guidelines for Influencer Advertising in Digital Media, coupled with recent enforcement advisories from the Department of Consumer Affairs, have made it mandatory for influencers to clearly disclose paid partnerships, sponsored content, or brand affiliations through unambiguous tags like #Ad or #Sponsored. Many influencers—and even brand teams—are unaware that simply gifting a product or offering a barter collaboration also qualifies as a material connection requiring disclosure.
In my experience, one of the key gaps is the lack of structured compliance protocols for influencer campaigns. To address this, I’ve helped several brands develop standard influencer contracts, compliance checklists, and pre-approval workflows. These documents cover not just disclosure requirements, but also ensure that influencers do not make unauthorized or misleading claims—especially in regulated sectors like health supplements, beauty, and food products. For example, using a phrase like “immunity booster” or “approved by FSSAI” without factual basis or regulatory clearance could expose the brand to penal action.
Another area that requires careful navigation is comparative advertising—where brands position themselves as superior to competitors. While permitted in principle, comparative ads must be truthful, fair, and not disparaging. This line can be thin, and I’ve often had to work closely with creative agencies to ensure that the tone, visuals, and language don’t cross into unlawful denigration, which could trigger litigation under trademark law or consumer protection statutes.
Moreover, platform-specific policies—like ad restrictions on Meta, Google, and YouTube—add another layer of compliance. Certain product categories, such as tobacco, alcohol, or even baby food, face restrictions not just under Indian laws but also under global content moderation guidelines. It becomes essential to harmonize regulatory approvals with platform rules and ensure that every campaign is vetted through both lenses.
To manage all of this in real time, I advocate a cross-functional compliance model—where marketing, legal, product, and digital teams work in collaboration. I also conduct periodic training and workshops to keep teams updated on evolving norms, such as influencer disclosures, the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, and amendments under the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules.
In conclusion, marketing compliance isn’t just about saying “no” to risky ideas—it’s about helping brands communicate creatively within a legally sustainable framework. My role has always been to enable campaigns, not obstruct them—by anticipating risk, offering alternatives, and ensuring that creativity and compliance coexist seamlessly.
In managing compliance under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), what were the biggest challenges, and how did you ensure consistent compliance and legal challenges? Oh my God—what a question to ask!
When it comes to managing compliance under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), you’re stepping into one of the most tightly regulated spaces in Indian law. This isn’t just about compliance—it’s about navigating a minefield of statutory restrictions that govern everything from advertising and packaging to distribution and point-of-sale visibility.
The biggest challenge? Communication. Since both direct and surrogate advertising are prohibited, the question becomes: How do you inform a consumer about something new—without actually telling them? You’re managing a brand that legally can’t raise its voice.
And here’s the beauty of it: when an entire company is working on launching a product, figuring out how to communicate it to the world becomes a massive, complex challenge. This is where great marketing minds meet great legal minds, united by two shared missions: to communicate, and to protect. It’s chess, not checkers.
I won’t reveal the specific tools or tactics—that’s confidential—but working in such a constrained environment forces innovation like few other sectors. Legal and commercial teams must operate not just with creativity, but with precision. You need real-time awareness of law, razor-sharp risk judgment, and a deep understanding of regulatory nuances.
And remember, compliance here isn’t a one-time checkbox—it’s a full-time business philosophy. From pictorial warnings that occupy 85% of the pack, to ensuring the retail shelf doesn’t accidentally violate visibility norms, every pixel and placement matters. One slip, and you’re looking at fines, seizures, or even criminal prosecution.
Ultimately, the art lies in keeping the business alive and thriving—without crossing the legal line. That’s the real thrill of COTPA compliance. You’re not just managing law—you’re helping the business whisper where others shout.
After a successful corporate career, what motivated you to establish your own independent practice? What were some of the initial challenges you faced during the transition, and how did your in-house experience shape the way you now deliver client-focused legal solutions?
To be very honest, when you work in a corporate environment for years and start doing the same set of tasks repeatedly, you eventually hit a point where you feel like you’ve plateaued. The ideas don’t flow like they used to, the work starts to feel cyclical, and somewhere along the way, you stop growing. That’s when I knew — I needed to shake things up.
I’ve always believed in the power of timing. I didn’t leave my in-house role because I was unprepared — in fact, I had long dreamt of building something of my own. But as life would have it, it was a mix of circumstance, instinct, and courage that eventually pushed me over the edge. And I’ve never looked back. I firmly believe that situations never remain constant, and if you don’t evolve with them, you’re choosing stagnation. I chose the challenge.
Starting an independent practice isn’t easy — far from it. The first and biggest question is: Where do you begin? You no longer have structured teams, support systems, or a fixed agenda. In fact, there were days — and weeks — where I didn’t have a full calendar. But I kept showing up. I’d read, draft, network, and build systems because this was a path I chose, and failure wasn’t an option. Especially when others start relying on you — clients, juniors, peers — it becomes more than just your own dream.
Luckily, I had unknowingly been preparing for this for years. During my in-house career, I was fortunate to work with mentors who encouraged us to take ownership of everything end-to-end — be it compliance audits, litigation strategy, contract vetting, or regulatory filings. There was no outsourcing mindset; everything was handled in-house. That exposure helped me develop a problem-solving mindset — not just legally, but strategically.
Of course, transitioning to the client side required a different skill: visibility. You can be the best lawyer, but if people don’t know you exist, it doesn’t matter. So I had to put myself out there — make calls, write emails, meet people, follow up, and tell my story. My interpersonal skills and relationship-building approach really helped in that phase. I didn’t chase big-ticket clients; instead, I focused on building long-term retainers — even if modest at first — because they provide continuity, predictability, and a chance to grow with the client.
In fact, cracking a few retainers with early-stage startups was a turning point. Working with startups taught me how to simplify complex legal frameworks into actionable advice, and how to be more accessible, responsive, and solution-oriented. These experiences reinforced a client-first mindset — something I deeply value in my current practice.
Today, I run a growing independent practice, and I can say with confidence that my corporate background gave me a solid foundation — but the real learning came when I stepped into the unknown. It taught me resilience, humility, and the sheer joy of building something of your own, one client and one challenge at a time.
Looking ahead, how do you envision the growth of your practice and your role within it? Additionally, what advice would you offer to students aspiring to build a career in your area of specialization?
To be honest — and I’ve said this before too — I’ve never been someone who envisions too far ahead. I firmly believe in time. As the Bhagavad Gita says, “Kaalasya chalanam anivarya hai” — time never stops, and you never really know what tomorrow holds. I just keep my head steady and walk the path in front of me. One step at a time.
I didn’t start with a 5-year plan or a vision board. Life pushed, and I moved — that’s always been my way. You adapt, stay honest with your effort, and trust that the path you’ve chosen will unfold as it should.
Over the years, I’ve had the chance to work with some incredible interns — all unique in their own way. Some were quiet, in their shell. Others were confident and unfiltered. But all of them, truly, were just awesome to work with. And honestly, I’ve learned a lot more from them than they probably learned from me.
One thing I always tell my interns: you have to teach me five things before you leave. It can be anything — a new productivity tool, a Gen Z slang like “no cap”, “it’s giving”, or “let’s soft launch this idea”, or even something random like a new music genre or their favorite YouTube rabbit hole. One of my interns was so passionate about reviewing movies, he actually created a rating matrix — acting: 8/10, story: 6.5, background score: 9, cinematography: 7.2 — I mean, it was serious business for him! And I loved it. That kind of passion — whatever the field — is what matters.
So if I have any advice for students, it’s this: please don’t follow a path just because it looks safe or conventional. Follow your curiosity. You don’t have to know everything today. And even if you choose law — you don’t need to pick a specialization on Day 1. Initially, you’ll do a bit of everything — contracts, compliance, litigation, drafting, maybe even filing! Let it all come. It’ll take shape with time.
Whatever you do, just stay open. Learn from everyone — juniors, seniors, clients, even strangers. And don’t be afraid of uncertainty. Sometimes not knowing what comes next is the best part of the journey.
Early in your career, you had the opportunity to work with various big names in the legal field. What were some of the most enriching experiences from those formative years that deepened your passion for the legal profession?
The privilege of working under legal titans like Mr. Ram Jethmalani and Mr. Fali S. Nariman during my early years was akin to stepping into a masterclass in advocacy. In 2007, while interning with Mr. Jethmalani, I was thrust into the frenetic pace of a high-profile criminal case at the Supreme Court. I vividly recall his electrifying presence in court, where he dismantled a prosecution’s argument with razor-sharp logic and an almost theatrical flair. One evening, as we prepared for a hearing in the high-profile Jessica Lall murder case, he shared a gem: “The law is not just about statutes; it’s about storytelling that moves hearts and minds.” This perspective transformed my understanding of advocacy, igniting a passion for crafting compelling narratives grounded in legal rigor.
Similarly, in 2009, assisting Mr. Nariman on a constitutional matter was a revelation. His meticulous analysis of Article 14 during a late-night briefing session taught me the art of weaving constitutional principles into practical arguments. Watching him argue before a Constitution Bench, I saw how his calm demeanour and scholarly depth commanded respect, reinforcing my belief that advocacy is as much about integrity as it is about intellect. These experiences cemented my love for the courtroom, where law becomes a living instrument of justice. I also remember an incidence where he asked me to draft something several times thereafter just near my breakpoint, asked me to get all the drafts and approved the 1st draft which I had shared saying it was the best one and I ought to have shown it to him. I didn’t understand the meaning of it then, however over a period of time I realised he taught me several valuable professional and life lessons through it.
Your academic and professional background is both impressive and diverse. Could you take us back to the initial experiences that sparked your interest in the field of law?
My fascination with law was born when our family friend Mr Jethmalani visited our home at Nagpur and there were tons of people there to visit him. I belong to a freedom fighters family and a family which has always been into social work, i was used to people visiting home. However people visiting Mr Jethmalani had a different approach and the respect commanded by him simply left an everlasting and permanent impression on me. He asked me “what I want to become when I grow up?”, I naively asked him, “what do you do?”, to which he said “I am a lawyer son”, so I promptly replied that I want to become a lawyer as well. That is the 1st time I said that and it was etched in my mind since then, as a teenager in 2001. That moment was electric, it showed me the law’s power to uplift the voiceless and the respect one commands with being true to one’s profession. My school debates on issues like caste discrimination and women’s rights further fueled this spark, as I realized advocacy could bridge ideals and action.
This conviction led me to pursue a B.A. LL.B. at RTM Nagpur University, where I immersed myself in moot courts and legal aid clinics. A particularly memorable experience was organizing a legal awareness camp for rural farmers and downtrodden on the occasion of Dusshera Festival in Nagpur under the aegis of our political science professor , where I explained various faucets of laws in Marathi, my mother tongue. Seeing their faces light up with newfound understanding solidified my resolve to make law accessible and impactful, setting the course for my career.
Your educational journey from RTM Nagpur University to Queen Mary University of London is inspiring. What motivated you to pursue an LL.M. in Commercial and Corporate Law abroad, and in what ways has that international exposure shaped your current practice before the Supreme Court of India?
The decision to pursue an LL.M. at Queen Mary University of London was driven by a realization that India’s legal landscape was becoming increasingly globalized. By 2010, I had seen how multinational corporations and cross-border disputes were reshaping commercial litigation in India. I chose Queen Mary for its reputation in international commercial law and arbitration, aiming to master the nuances of global legal frameworks. The program’s modules, International Commercial Arbitration, Commercial Conflict of Laws, and Intellectual Property in Creative Industries, were intellectually exhilarating, challenging me to think beyond Indian jurisprudence.
A defining moment was my dissertation on pre-arbitral interim relief, which required analysing cases from multiple jurisdictions. This global perspective proved invaluable when I returned to India. For instance, in the ABG Shipyard Swiss Challenge Process case at the Supreme Court, my understanding of international insolvency frameworks allowed me to craft arguments that aligned Indian law with global best practices. My London experience also honed my ability to navigate cultural and legal diversity, enabling me to represent clients like PT. Bara Daya Energi etc. with confidence. Today, this international lens informs my Supreme Court practice, blending global insights with constitutional rigor.
You’ve appeared in several high-profile Constitution Bench matters, including the EWS Reservation and PMLA Validity cases. How have such landmark litigations influenced your legal philosophy and approach to constitutional interpretation?
Appearing in Constitution Bench matters like the EWS Reservation and Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) Validity cases has been a humbling and transformative journey. The EWS case, which upheld reservations for economically weaker sections, taught me the importance of purposive interpretation to advance social justice. I recall a heated courtroom exchange where we debated the balance between equality and affirmative action, moments that underscored the Constitution’s role as a living document adapting to societal needs.
The PMLA case, challenging the validity of stringent anti-money laundering provisions, was equally profound. It highlighted the delicate interplay between state power and individual liberties, shaping my belief in proportionality as a cornerstone of constitutional interpretation. These cases have instilled a legal philosophy that views the Constitution as a dynamic framework, requiring advocates to harmonize fundamental rights with directive principles. My approach now emphasizes rigorous research, contextual analysis, and a commitment to ensuring that constitutional interpretations serve both justice and the public good.
As the Founding Managing Partner of Asal Legal Solution LLP, how do you navigate the demands of leadership while actively engaging in high-stakes litigation before the Supreme Court? What motivated you to establish your own practice in the first place?
Leading Asal Legal Solution LLP while litigating before the Supreme Court demands a delicate balance of vision, discipline, and teamwork. As Founding Managing Partner since, I’ve built a firm that thrives on collaboration and innovation. I delegate research and drafting to a talented team of associates, empowering them to take ownership while I focus on courtroom advocacy and strategy. We use case management software (Libra) to streamline workflows, ensuring I can prepare for high-stakes cases like the Maratha Reservation matter without compromising firm operations. Evening team meetings foster open communication, allowing us to tackle complex cases with agility.
My motivation to establish Asal Legal stemmed from a desire to create a practice that blends ethical advocacy with client-centric innovation. After years at Desai & Associates, I saw an opportunity to address gaps in legal services, particularly for clients navigating both Indian and international jurisdictions. Founding my own firm allowed me to take on diverse cases, from constitutional benches to international arbitrations, while mentoring the next generation of advocates. This independence has been liberating, enabling me to shape a legacy of impactful litigation.
Your consistent involvement in social initiatives, particularly through the Maratha Sewa Sangh, reflects a strong commitment to public service. How do you strike a balance between your legal practice and social responsibilities?
My involvement with Maratha Sewa Sangh and other initiatives is a natural extension of my belief that law must serve society and as a member of society one must give back to the society. As President of its Legal Cell since 2023, I’ve spearheaded legal aid camps and policy advocacy for marginalized communities, often working late evenings after court hours. For instance, organizing the first All India Conference for Rashtriya Maratha Seva Sangh was a logistical challenge, but my team’s support at Asal Legal ensured seamless coordination. I allocate specific days for social initiatives, using weekends for community outreach while reserving weekdays for litigation.
This balance is fuelled by my conviction that legal expertise carries a responsibility to uplift. My team handles routine legal tasks, freeing me to draft policy recommendations or write columns for Organiser and Kashmir Canvas. These activities recharge me, as the gratitude of a farmer understanding his land rights or a student inspired by a legal talk mirrors the fulfilment I find in courtroom victories. This synergy ensures that my legal practice and social commitments reinforce each other.
For law students aspiring to build a litigation practice like yours, what advice would you offer? What skills, mindset, or resources do you believe are essential for excelling in this demanding field?
To law students dreaming of a litigation career, my advice is to embrace the grind with passion and purpose. Litigation is a marathon, not a sprint, so cultivate resilience to navigate setbacks like losing a case or facing a tough bench. Key skills include:
Legal Research: Be well versed with law and for that master platforms like SCC Online in order to build airtight arguments.
Drafting: Hone the art of concise, persuasive pleadings, every word matters in court.
Oral Advocacy: Practice clarity and confidence through moot courts and mock trials.
Networking: Seek mentorship from senior advocates; my internships with Mr. Jethmalani and others were game-changers.
Adopt a growth mindset, view challenges as opportunities to learn as was taught to be by Mr Nariman. Early in my career, a dismissed petition taught me to anticipate judicial perspectives, sharpening my strategy. Resources like legal journals, bar association seminars, and internships in litigation chambers are invaluable. Above all, uphold integrity and empathy; clients trust advocates who fight for their cause with heart. Stay curious, stay ethical, and let your passion for justice drive you.
Litigation can be incredibly intense and high-pressure. How do you manage the stress that comes with maintaining a rigorous legal practice, and what do you do to safeguard your mental well-being?
The intensity of Supreme Court litigation, where deadlines loom and stakes soar, demands a robust approach to stress management. I start each day with 30 minutes of yoga and meditation, a ritual that grounds me and sharpens focus. A particularly vivid memory is meditating before arguing the auction case, which calmed my nerves and clarified my arguments. Regular runs in Talkatora Gardens and a disciplined diet keep me physically resilient, countering the sedentary demands of legal work.
Professionally, I rely on my team at Asal Legal to share the load, delegating research and filings to avoid burnout. I set boundaries, reserving evenings for family or reading historical biographies, which offer perspective on life’s pressures. My social initiatives, like blood donation camps with Maratha Sewa Sangh, are surprisingly rejuvenating, helping others reminds me of the law’s broader purpose. These practices, combined with a supportive network of peers, ensure I thrive in the high-pressure world of litigation.
Looking back at your journey so far from internships with iconic legal figures to leading your own firm, what has been your biggest takeaway or guiding principle as a legal professional?
Reflecting on my journey, from a wide-eyed intern in Mr. Jethmalani’s chambers to leading Asal Legal Solution LLP, my greatest takeaway is that advocacy is a blend of conviction and compassion. Whether arguing a marathon case or advising a small business like ILA Naturals, I’ve learned that the law’s true power lies in its ability to humanize disputes. My guiding principle is to approach every case with unwavering integrity and a deep understanding of the client’s story. This means not just winning arguments but ensuring justice resonates, whether for a corporation or a community. This ethos, forged through years of mentorship and practice, drives me to leave a lasting impact on both law and lives.
In the initial phase of your career, you worked with various lawyers and practiced in areas like MCOCA, PMLA, PITA, DV Act, PCA, etc. What has been one of the most endearing experiences from that time?
One of the most endearing experiences from the early phase of my career was witnessing the practical application of legal principles in complex cases like MCOCA, NDPS, PCA, PMLA, etc. where constitutional safeguards and procedural nuances played a crucial role. I distinctly recall filing and handling a writ petition for a minor girl, Sakshi challenging the denial of her admission to FYJC (First Year Junior College) under the HSC Board despite her selection on merit through the First Come-First-Served (FCFS) round of the online admission process for the academic year 2019–2020. Sakshi had been allotted a seat in the reputed institution of the city, Mithibai College, Mumbai, but was arbitrarily denied admission despite vacancies. After the Hon’ble Bombay High Court stepped in, Sakshi got admission in Mithibai College, Mumbai, based on her merit. The Court’s decision made sure that she received the education which she deserved and was treated fairly. This matter marked my first independent appearance, wherein I undertook the drafting of the petition, completed the filing process and conducted the arguments before the Court and ultimately secured a favourable order for the minor girl, ensuring justice was served. The learning process was challenging, but those early years built the foundation for my independent practice and taught me to appreciate both the complexity of law and its real impact on people’s lives.
Coming from a B.Sc. background, what made you choose law as a career? How has your B.Sc. degree helped you in the legal landscape?
Though I pursued B.Sc. out of academic interest, my growing curiosity about social systems, justice, and access to rights gradually pulled me toward the field of law. During my undergraduate years, I became aware of the lack of legal awareness in everyday life, especially among women and marginalized communities. Motivated by this, I had filed a few RTI applications seeking information on public issues for instance, the persistent problem of non-functional street lights around our girls’ hostel area, drainage issue, etc. and these small steps that gave me a sense of law’s power to create transparency and accountability. These experiences shaped my decision to take up law not just as a career, but as a means to contribute meaningfully to society. That is when it hit me that law could be a powerful tool for change. My science background has actually helped a lot. It trained me to think clearly, work methodically and solve problems step by step. This approach really comes in handy when dealing with complex legal issues, especially in white-collar crimes and statutory offences with precision, clarity, and a structured mindset.
What motivated you to establish your own practice after gaining significant experience with various lawyers? Were there any hurdles you faced, and how did you navigate them?
After a few years of working with experienced lawyers, I reached a point where I wanted to build a practice that reflected my personal values like empathy, integrity, and client-centric advocacy. The desire for doing something on my own and deeper involvement in each case naturally led me toward independent practice.
Being a first-generation lawyer, living in a city like Mumbai, away from home, the journey was not easy. Building client trust, managing court appearances alone, and handling all the administrative aspects of running a practice were significant challenges. Yet, with time, I started getting good at matters and the real reward was the satisfaction of helping someone get justice which made every effort worthwhile.
The biggest hurdle came during the Covid-19 pandemic. Just as I had started practicing independently, the nationwide lockdown brought everything to a halt, especially in Mumbai. It felt like starting all over again. But with patience, hard work, and the trust of my clients and family, I slowly rebuilt my practice from scratch. Consistency, strong networks, and a growing support system helped me bounce back. That phase tested my patience and resilience, but ultimately strengthened my commitment to the profession.
What has been one of the most interesting or challenging cases you’ve encountered so far, and how do you prepare for such a matter?
One of the most challenging cases I have handled was a bail application in a double murder case which I have argued before the Bombay High Court and secured bail (BA/2666/2021). The gravity of the offence under Section 302 IPC meant I had to be extremely thorough. I spent a lot of time going through the FIR, charge sheet, forensic reports and witness statements and every detail mattered.
In such sensitive or complex matters, I have learned that preparation is not just about reading the case file. It is about thinking a few steps ahead. I try to anticipate what the other side might argue, apply my mind to the facts and legal issues and dive into relevant laws and precedents that can support the case. I also spend time planning how I will present the matter in court, not just what to say, but how to say it clearly and confidently.
At the same time, I make it a point to understand the client’s background and the full story behind the case. Knowing their situation, emotions and what is at stake helps me build a stronger, more grounded argument. After all, law is not just about rules, it is about people. That human side really matters in how you approach a case.
While dealing with various Criminal Law, Constitutional Remedies, and White-Collar Crimes over the years, what are some of the common issues you frequently encounter in criminal law cases?
One of the most common issues I have come across, especially in criminal law, is procedural lapses. Whether it is a delay in filing the FIR, improper collection of evidence from the crime scene, recording statements of the witnesses, non-compliance with mandatory provisions like Section 41A of Cr.P.C., these lapses often become crucial in bail arguments and trial strategy.
Another recurring challenge is the lack of awareness, both among accused persons and complainants, about their rights, laws of the country and legal remedies. Many clients approach us after having already made statements without legal assistance, or worse, not understanding the implications of their actions.
In white-collar crime cases, what stands out is the volume and complexity of documentation. These matters require not just legal knowledge but a strong grip over financial data, transaction trails, statutory compliance and application of mind. Misunderstandings often arise due to overlaps between civil and criminal liability, and part of our job becomes explaining the legal position in simple terms, both to clients and, at times, even to investigating officers.
What really helps is a combination of legal preparation and practical insight, understanding the ground realities, staying updated with the law and evolving jurisprudence and maintaining clear, consistent communication with clients at every stage.
When handling highly sensitive matters, especially those involving social evils like atrocities against women, how do you manage both the procedural aspects and the emotional sensitivity of the case? How does this affect your personal stress and mental health?
Cases involving atrocities against women are some of the most emotionally intense and legally demanding matters I handle. On one hand, you have strict procedural timelines like filing complaints before appropriate authorities, ensuring protection, custody and maintenance
orders, gathering evidence and on the other hand, you are dealing with someone’s trauma, fear and often a complete breakdown of trust in the system.
What I have learned is that you have to create space for both. I approach the procedural side with precision, ensuring that no technical lapse weakens the case. At the same time, I spend time building a rapport with the client, making them feel heard and safe, explaining to them about their rights and legal remedies available to them. Sometimes that means just being present and not rushing the conversation. Trust plays a huge role in such matters.
Emotionally, these cases do take a toll. It is hard to stay completely detached when you are witnessing the real impact on someone’s life right in front of you. I have had moments of helplessness, especially when systemic delays frustrate the client. To manage the stress, I try to set boundaries after work hours, talk to family members and peers who understand the space and stay grounded in the thought that I am doing my best, I can within the framework of the law.
Over time, I have realized that empathy does not weaken your professional edge and rather it strengthens your advocacy, especially in cases where legal issues are closely connected to real-life experiences.
You played a pivotal role in a case where the Bombay High Court ordered a re-investigation into a fatal road accident after four years. What were the key legal and strategic challenges in convincing the Court to reopen the case, and how did this decision impact the victim’s family and the broader discourse on delayed justice?
Yes, this was a deeply emotional and legally challenging case for me. The biggest hurdle was that the case had already been closed with the deceased, my client’s son who was wrongly named as the sole accused in the FIR and chargesheet. It had been more than four years since the accident, and no steps were taken by the police to trace the actual offender viz. a 10-wheeler container truck driver that had caused the accident and fled the scene.
The turning point for me was gathering and presenting strong evidence, particularly CCTV footage of the accident spot from which the involvement and negligence of the truck driver could be established. Strategically, I had to convince the Court that the original investigation was not only flawed but had caused additional trauma to a grieving mother who was fighting to clear her deceased son’s name from the FIR and chargesheet.
The Hon’ble Bombay High Court ordered a fresh investigation which led to correction of procedural errors and ultimately, the withdrawal of all baseless allegations against the deceased. This decision brought long awaited closure and dignity to the victim’s family. More importantly, it reinforced the judiciary’s role in correcting institutional lapses and revived public confidence in the justice delivery system. It was not just a legal win but it was personal justice. More broadly, this case sends a strong message that even delayed justice is not denied justice.
What guidance would you offer to law students and aspiring litigators hoping to chart a path like yours? Is there a particular mindset, skill set, or approach you believe is essential in today’s dynamic legal environment?
The first thing I would say is, there is no fixed formula for success in litigation. My path will be different from yours, and that is completely normal. What really makes a difference is sticking with it, being patient, staying consistent, and showing up every day, even when it feels like nothing is happening. That is when growth is quietly taking place.
In today’s legal environment, being a litigator is not just about knowing the law but it is about being responsive, reading people, handling pressure and adapting quickly. So, while courtroom exposure is important, equally important is the ability to listen carefully, communicate clearly and write persuasively. Even a well-drafted writ petition can set you apart.
One thing I always recommend to students is, utilise your time by doing internships with diverse lawyers, trial court practitioners, senior counsels, NGOs. Observe how they work, not just what they say in court. These early learnings will shape how you think and practice later.
And finally, believe in the long game. Litigation takes time. You may have to wait to argue your first matter or sign your first client. But if you are honest with your work, keep learning and stay grounded, opportunities do come.
Balancing professional commitments with impactful social engagements is no small feat. As General Secretary (Co-incharge of Nashik Region & Women Advocates’ Cell) with the MPCC, while also actively delivering legal awareness sessions and mentoring young law students, how do you manage your time and maintain personal well being amidst such a dynamic schedule?
Honestly, it is a constant balancing act and I am still learning! What helps me the most is planning and setting clear priorities. I make sure to block time in my week for legal work, social initiatives, student mentoring etc.
But I have also learned that it is okay to say no sometimes. I used to feel guilty about turning down opportunities, but now, I remind myself that quality matters more than quantity, whether it is in court or during any activity.
To manage personal well-being, I try to find small moments in life like taking a walk, going for a trek, grabbing a cup of tea with colleagues, or just switching off from screens for a bit. It really helps. I also lean on my support system – my family, friends and even co-workers who keep me grounded and remind me to pause and recharge when things get hectic.
It is busy, yes, but when you truly care about both your profession and your interest, you somehow find the rhythm that works for you.
You have more than nine years of experience, including civil and common law jurisdictions. Would you be comfortable sharing the kind of initial reason for your interest in law as well as any particular event or any kind of maybe realization that guided you through this whole process in order to make sure that you have the better career, and as you are leading the legal front of an Emerging Institution in Sweden, being one of the first Indian woman over there, please do share it with our audience who are new learners, new entrants for law?
My father was the one who encouraged me to consider law as a career as opposed to what I actually wanted. So I wanted to be an artist. I am a very creative person, and through my childhood and when I was in school, I participated in every art competition. I participated in slogan writing competitions in Delhi. Also represented my school at the national level. Won a lot of awards. So by the time I reached class 10, I realized that art is my calling.
This is what I do best. And then came that moment which really paved my journey to law. So, one evening, me and my family were having dinner, sitting at the dining table, and my father asked me, so what do you plan to do after school? And my instant excited reply was, I want to be an artist.
So he is a chartered accountant. He has his own firm. And he said, okay, do you have a plan B? Because getting into an art university is also very difficult. I said, I don’t really have a plan B, to which he said, what do you think about law as a career? And I was listening. So he said, see, as an artist, it would take you some time till you can build yourself after university and you can start earning, which was actually true.
And then he said that, imagine, what if you study law—how much better your art would be sold if you are a lawyer and also an artist? And that, for me, was a brilliant idea. So from class 10th to 12th, I started preparing for both the art university and the law university, and I realized over the period of preparation I have developed an increasing interest in law because I realized that in art you have to be creative.
You have to have a vision, which you would make into reality. Then you perceive some things, and then you align it with your vision, and then you paint. And that is the same in law. Now, when I look back, I see that, okay, I pull out a Word document, draft a legal document.
Then if that document is a contract, for example, then that contract would be negotiated. Then that contract would be signed. Then that contract would have an expiry date, we would renew it. So I am building a relationship. I am bringing into existence something which was just an idea first. So. I entered the university in 2007, graduated 2012, and proudly became the first lawyer of my family.
Thank you for sharing that particular story. After this, you also did your masters in business in corporate law. What was the motivation behind that particular specialization and how has that particular understanding of business and corporate law doing your masters helped you make your career trajectory reach to the point where you wanted or as you planned?
So I gained working experience before I decided I wanted to pursue masters, and in my university, we were encouraged to do an internship every semester. So by the time I had finished university, I had a couple of internships with law firms like Amarchand, Jyoti Sagar.
And then when I started working. Again, I had an experience. So while having this experience, I could really assess, analyze, understand what is my area of strength, where do my interests really go, and what is my passion? So I realized, looking back at my experience, that I decided to pursue my masters in 2015.
So these years, I realized my area has always been business and corporate law. That is how I decided, okay, this is the masters that I want to pursue. Now because I pursued masters in business and corporate law, and one of our subjects was international business, that really helped me set the foundation of what I will be doing in the future.
So I developed curiosity and interest towards cross-border transactions, conflict management, and assessing the different legal landscapes. How do you set up companies in a country which is not your area of expertise? Those questions really made me think, read more, and that became my passion.
So I would say passion and curiosity led me to where I am now.
While doing all of these things related to business and corporate law, you have also worked with prominent companies. How has working or maybe doing internships or doing a job, paved your way for international legal practice, what were the preparations or the kind of thought process you have had in order to make sure that you transition from national to international practice?
Like I said, curiosity. I think curiosity is my superpower. I realized that because I was curious—reading, meeting professionals, going to events—that really helped me deepen my understanding of law, and prepared me for international practice. So what happens when I encounter something unfamiliar? Because I’m a curious person, it would compel me to read more, reach out to people who have done a similar thing, or if there is a case law that talks about a similar situation, or if there is a post which talks about a similar legal issue, but that legal issue happened in a different jurisdiction.
And if I already know something, my curiosity pushes me to observe fellow lawyers—how did they approach this subject matter? How did they approach this issue? And then it helps me to refine my understanding, my expertise, and that really helps me to improve continuously.
Since you said that curiosity is your superpower, what made you transition from national, especially India to Dubai and then to Sweden? And the kind of changes that you saw in all these jurisdictions, how did that help you actually reach your love I would say for business and corporate law? And what kind of practice did you do that you actually got what you wanted? So how did you do that and what are your suggestions for the same?
When I was in India and I was working with Ansal Housing, I got this opportunity of working on an international arbitration. And now if I reflect back, I think I was put in that project because of my curiosity, because I’m very enthusiastic and I would really love to put in an extra hour if it is something that I don’t really know.
So that experience of working on an international arbitration, combined with my experience and my study of international business law, made me realize that I am ready to step out of my comfort zone, which is India. And I realized that if I want to work on cross-border transactions, work with international clients, and be ready to negotiate deals which are happening in an international sphere, I need to be outside. And I still remember I had a conversation with my then manager, who is the General Counsel of Ansal Housing—an amazing mentor and a wonderful manager—and it was he who really said that:
See, if you go and if you don’t like it, you can always come back, but if you don’t, you wouldn’t really know what your potential is. And I think that was the best mentorship advice he could have given me. So I found this opportunity at a law firm in Dubai, and I moved to Dubai. It was very scary, because I was moving abroad for the first time.
I was always being taken care of in India, but now I am taking care of myself. And it is a very international space. So the work culture is like that. And the expectation from you as a lawyer is different. So I was working in this law firm. We were a batch of international lawyers working together on international issues.
And every new client that we had in the law firm was from a different jurisdiction. So that really put me in a position where I, of course, had to know the law of India because that is where I’m coming from, and it is expected that I can advise on Indian laws. But I was expected to work on an issue with a client who is from Australia, and he wants to set up a company in Dubai. Or a transactioning, a partnership happening with a cement manufacturing company from China who wants to set up the manufacturing company in Spain. So you would understand the nuances of both these jurisdictions. So I realized that experience and that ease of moving from one jurisdiction to another really helped me globally connect, helped me easily move from one jurisdiction to another, and it no longer was a challenge.
Then when I moved to Sweden, it was very different from how it was in Dubai, because now I became a wife, also a mother, and I was in a country in which the first language is Swedish. So then my third language became Swedish. So Hindi, English, and then Swedish. So I realized that now I need to deepen my understanding of the local laws and also the EU laws, because in every European country you would first look at the local laws and then you would look at the EU law if there is any precedent or if there is a law that reflects on the legal issue that you’re working on.
So that is what Sweden gave me—helped me deepen my understanding of local and European laws, and I would say this path or this journey I was on, what really helped me was strategic thinking, being committed to the goal that I set for myself, adaptability, and lots and lots of hard work.
The reason why I say hard work is that there is so much pre-work that I have to do, or any lawyer who moves from a different country to a new country has to do, which may or may not be directly proportional to the role that you would be performing. For example, if you’re moving to a European country or a non-English-speaking country, you would have to learn the language.
And then you would have to understand the working culture in that country, because that is also very different. Like leadership style—what I saw, leadership style in India, in Dubai, and in Stockholm, Sweden is very different. So you need to understand the cultural nuances. So navigating those cultural and regulatory differences was a crucial aspect of having an international career, I would say. Then maintaining a strong network of local lawyers. So I didn’t forget my roots. I still am connected with Indian lawyers who are experts, so I can reach out to them on knowing what is happening. So, just a week back, my manager, who is the CEO, was asking what is the impact of the tariffs that the US is making now in India?
So had I not read that, I wouldn’t know that. Had I not been connected with my local friends, I wouldn’t know how it is impacting. So these small skills really bridge—or really helped me bridge—the international legal career. One tip that I would like to give to a student who wants to pursue an international legal career, or a person who’s already working,
He wants to move abroad: Have a strong network of professionals, and have a strong network of local lawyers who you can reach out to for advice, who you can reach out to reassess your thoughts, your analysis on a legal issue. Having a group of professionals who you can trust is a game changer if you are moving abroad or if you want to have a global legal career.
After relocating to Sweden, you took maternity leave as well, how did you make yourself return to the workforce without the so-called guilt that we always have as working moms?
Second, how did you continue your professional development during the time when you were not there practicing? What were the strategies? How did you connect with the industry? Like you said, we need to be connected with not only good lawyers, but local lawyers as well, who can give you the nuances and the kind of update that you need. So how does that work for you? And during that time, how did you make sure that you don’t lose that particular connect?
I never truly stepped out of the legal field. I was very focused, and I always knew that I want to continue being a lawyer.
I want to continue my legal profession. And I would say, when you move abroad, it’s a great opportunity to reassess whether you want to have the same career or you want to maybe branch out to something different. For me, you know, it is law, it has been law, it is law. So I knew, okay, after resuming my career after maternity leave, it would be law.
So, I had that in mind, and I had the preparation ready. So for me, maternity leave—which we over here call parental leave—was actually not a break, it was a form of professional growth. I looked at the break as a time to invest in myself, to refine my skills, and to actually prepare for the biggest and the most difficult role, which is of being a parent.
And I was being a twin mother, which is, let me tell you, it’s a full-time job. You are a parent yourself, you know it’s challenging. So during the parental leave time, and also because I was moving to Sweden, I took the time to familiarize myself with the culture, the education system, understanding the local laws and understanding the regulations.
Then I actively also followed the domestic developments, which are the developments that are happening in India and in Dubai. Because if I say that I’m an international lawyer and I have worked in India and Dubai, the expectation is that I know what is happening in the industry. So it comes with a lot of responsibility.
So I kept myself updated. Then it was my time to again assess my skills, identify my area of growth, because now I would be stepping into a new jurisdiction. So I stayed focused, connected with my friends who are based in India, who are working in-house and also practicing as lawyers.
I followed—I still follow—professionals on LinkedIn who talk about leadership, who talk about the changes that are happening in the industry. I read newsletters. I love reading. I read a lot. I enrolled myself in the Swedish language course.
So this continuous preparation for what I want to do once I resume my career really helped me to stay confident of my skills and also to bring a very fresh perspective to the role that I would be doing. Staying focused, committed to law, my passion for reading.
Then my curiosity of knowing—so a very small example I’ll give you, like in India, we remove our shoes outside and then we would step into the house. It’s the same in Sweden. So understanding these similarities and, like for us in India, the tea culture is something that brings two people together.
So if you want to call somebody home, you would call for tea. And in Sweden, you would call them for coffee. And there is a culture called Fika. So it is—you have to be mindful of taking breaks, and those breaks are about you sitting with your colleague or you sitting with your friends, unwinding and connecting.
So my curiosity led me to learn so many new things. So I already felt that I am at home. I know what the culture is about. I fairly understand the language. So I was ready. I was ready for the next step.
I think that is what is needed for everyone and probably that has brought you being the head of legal and compliance at VeeOne AB. What kind of primary factors were there? You already have said a lot about your commitment to your reading, to your learning culture. How did you foresee the kind of role that you were going forward for? In particular, it is a totally technology driven industry. So what kind of new learnings did you do while you were transitioning towards being the head of this number one company over there?
Preparation is the key in anything that we do in our life. This role was a little different because this industry was new to me. So VeeOne is a company in crew planning. My focus on legal compliance stemmed from the fact that to have a strong foundation, you need to have a robust regulatory framework. The role of legal and compliance has evolved and I would say has become complex. Earlier, it was very traditional—even for a lawyer, it was traditional.
Either you are in a law firm, or you are in a court, or you are in a company. Now, when there are other factors, like AI, there is data privacy, there are regulatory landscapes that really come into play, and that makes the environment more complex and dynamic.
So I foresee that to perform well in this role, I need to shift my approach from being reactive to be proactive. So there has to be a shift in strategy where there has to be a risk analysis done even before the risk can or may or may not occur. So, we in VeeOne, we try to integrate compliance with innovation or new ideas so we can mitigate the risk.
And I think that is what a lot of companies are also trying to do to have a competitive advantage in the global market.
While you are doing all of this, you also read a lot. First I would like to ask, how do you carve out that much time with being a full-time mother to twins, then working your way up in your organization, being the head you are the most responsible one. So what kind of books do you read to keep yourself inspired to shape your perspective?
Like you said, you follow newsletters also of leadership styles and others. How do you connect all that with your legal understanding and implement it in your career? For the new aspirants or the graduates who are coming up, if they want to pursue a similar kind or maybe the same pathway. So what would be your suggestion? The kind of journals that they should read or they should go through, the kind of books, resources that you may recommend and to build the kind of mindset of always being prepared as yours. What guidance would you like to give them?
First, I would say, and this could be controversial, that reading that you do during work is not something I would say is reading.
Reading is something that you do outside of your work. If you are doing reading during your work, that is to accomplish a task or to work on a project or to expand your knowledge on the issue that is at hand. Reading that you do outside of your work is reading that would grow you as a person, grow you as a professional.
So that being said, when I say reading, it is outside my work. For me, mostly it has been biographies. And I am more inclined towards nonfiction. I have tried reading fiction, but I again gravitate towards nonfiction. So it’s not that I haven’t tried—I’ve tried. So biographies that have really shaped my perspective on life and also on the legal field have been of Nani Palkhivala, J.R.D. Tata.
And very recently I read this biography of Haben Girma. Must read! A beautiful book. She is the first American disability rights advocate. She is the first blind person to graduate from Harvard Law School, and the work that she is doing for the disability community is amazing. So that is on the biography part.
Somebody who wants to start reading, hasn’t read before but wants to have that habit—I would suggest a book called Creativity by John Cleese, a very thin book, a very quick read. It talks about how creativity is not something you are born with; it is a skill that you can develop. What makes the book really interesting is that John Cleese is a lawyer.
He went to Cambridge to study law. Eventually he became a comedian, and he’s a very popular comedian. So that is something that I would suggest to somebody who’s wanting to read, planning to read, has little time, but still wants to get into the habit of reading or come back to reading. Since the role of a lawyer has transformed—from at least when I graduated, it was still very traditional.
Now it has transformed to beyond the traditional lawyer, which is either you are in litigation or you are giving legal advice. I think creativity is now a skill that can help us as professionals, as legal professionals, be ahead of AI. Because there could be possibilities when, for example—a very small example—review of contracts.
If you are very, very good at contracts, there are extremely good contract management platforms, contract review platforms, which can review a contract for you—maybe better than what we can do, quicker than what we can do. So if you want to stay ahead of AI as a professional, creativity is the skill that is a must.
And I would generalize your question when you said somebody who wants to have a legal career. I would say cultivating a hobby. And that hobby should be consistent—something that you would like to do every day. It could be running, it could be reading, it could be swimming, it could be vlogging.
Having a personal passion outside of work will help you contribute to your life—your personal life—and to your professional life in a wonderful way. And your journey as a professional would be very fulfilling, because there are days as a professional, especially as a lawyer, some days are very tense.
Some days are not that tense. So you really need help when those days are tense. So I would say having a consistent hobby.
Then the second most important thing would be finding a mentor. Having a mentor is extremely important. That is how you can have continuous growth, which is required if you are in this profession. For me, I have been very fortunate that I have had amazing mentors throughout my career. Always have a mentor. I would say you are never too expert to not have a mentor.
Then the books that I am reading right now. I usually read two books—one is mostly legal and the other is mostly related to non-legal. The first book is Range by David Epstein. The author talks about how individuals who explore multiple disciplines—that really helps you have a broad skill set. So you would have multiple tools, and then you can really narrow down those expertise to one thing that you would really like to do. So I would say the sum of the book is that sampling is the key to success.
And now if I look back—for me, also because of my internships, because of my experiences—when I decided that I wanted to pursue masters in business and corporate law, I had done my sampling.
So I had worked with NPOs, I had worked with judges, I had worked with senior lawyers. I did my sampling. I realized, yes, this is what I want to do. And this is my area of interest.
Then the second interesting book that I’m reading—and thanks to my current manager, the CEO of my company, he recommended that book. That book is called Getting to We: Negotiating Agreements as Highly Collaborative Relationships. So this book is written by a university professor and two lawyers. One of the lawyers is a Swedish lawyer. So the book tells a five-step process to create a collaborative agreement.
And this was very interesting to me because for me, as a lawyer who is drafting back in India or back in Dubai, I would look only at my liabilities, only at my governing law, only at what impacts me. But the book really shifts the focus from the relationship or the approach being transactional to a strategic partnership. And now when I draft a contract, it is a very different approach.
So if I’m drafting a contract, I would look at the contract or the document from a we perspective, because it is a partnership at the end of the day. It could be an employment agreement, service agreement, partnership agreement. If I only focus on my liabilities, if I only focus on my governing law, if it is very unilateral—first, I would have a challenge when negotiating the contract, there would be red lines everywhere.
Then it would take me a lot more time to negotiate the contract because it is very unilateral. So that book really shifts the mindset and says that to have a collaborative relationship, the agreement should also be collaborative. So if there is somebody who really likes drafting contracts, or says that they’re an expert in contracts, or would like to work on contracts, I would recommend this book.
Thank you for sharing that. I won’t ask how you balance work and life, but rather how do you plan your day? As a mother to twins, your planning must be very intentional. Personally, I’d love to learn how you manage everything without compromising your personal or professional life, especially when your children need you so much. How do you ensure there’s enough time for work, family, and still carve out personal space for yourself for reading, relaxing, and recharging that superpower of curiosity that keeps you moving forward?
You gave out the keyword, which is planning. I would put a prefix, which is strategic planning. So first, it is strategic planning. Then, because both of us are working, both of us have a very demanding schedule—managing our time, managing our schedule—that is what we do. So generally, our day would look like: the twins are off to school, and I am at work, my husband is at work.
We would come home, and some days after work, I would go to an event, I would meet friends. And if I’m not doing that, I would come home, then it would be cooking together. Over here, it’s all about involving the child, no matter how small that child is. So it would be cooking with them, and we have created a habit of asking, How was your day?
So as soon as I step in the house, they would ask me, How was your day? I would ask them, How was your day? After having the meal, we would watch TV, and that is, I think, something that I realized is great because we switched on TV for them when they were very young, and the TV is always on.
So now for them, TV is furniture. It’s not TV. So even if the TV is on, they would not necessarily want to watch the TV. They would want to play or they would want to paint or they want to color. So TV is always on in the background, and that actually helps us to build their language. Because in the school they go to a Swedish preschool.
On the TV we have English programs, and we speak with them in Hindi. So they’re always listening, and we are doing these activities together, which is either watching the TV or coloring or cooking. And then once the twins have slept, it is either my time with my husband—we would either watch something or I would read.
So that is what our schedule looks like. I make sure that I invest time with my friends, with my husband, I attend events, I mentor in Sweden also.
I have two mentees right now, giving time to them, upskilling myself—which is through reading that would directly relate to me. But also, I have to read about how I can be a better mentor, or if my mentee has some questions and I don’t know about them, so I need to prepare myself. Then it is parenting.
We were talking about parenting—the most crucial role. So, there is a lot of reading about what activities can we give the twins, how can we keep them engaged? If they have a question, what should be the right answer for that question? So I think if I know, okay, the task that I have for me in a day—and you gave me the keyword, which is planning.
So I do strategic planning. That is how we plan, I would say.
What drew you towards the field of Intellectual Property law, and what were some of the early experiences that helped lay the foundation for your practice in this domain?
First of all, thank you for connecting with me to share my story. I was quite intrigued by the name of the platform ‘Super Lawyer’. This reminded me of the film ‘The Incredibles’ wherein a character Syndrome says that if all humans will have super powers, none will be a Super hero. Similarly, in my view since all lawyers are Super lawyers, thus no single lawyer is a Super lawyer. Now coming to your question:
I think my interest in Cinema. I was initially drawn towards Intellectual Property as a practice area since I had a lot of interest in movies. I was highly inclined towards Copyright Law, since I wanted to understand how the film industry functions.
As far as early experience that helped me lay the foundation in this domain are concerned, the first litigation matter that I worked upon was a passing off suit. In that suit, over a period of time after filing the suit, Defendant had obtained registration of its trade mark and moved an application for amendment of written statement to plead its registration. At that stage, when I was too young (barely a month into the practice) I thought that the Plaintiff’s case was over since the Defendant had obtained a trade mark registration. At that stage, my then senior told me that registration of Defendant’s mark is of no consequence in a suit for passing off, which is maintainable even against a registered proprietor. He further asked me to read N.R. Dongre and Ors. vs. Whirlpool Corpn. and Anr.; 1996 PTC (16) 583 (SC) wherein apex Court upheld this position arrived at by Single Judge and Division bench of the High Court.
You argued a landmark case where the Delhi High Court, for the first time, ruled on the registrability of geographical names as arbitrary trademarks. Could you share your insights from the case that shaped the Court’s reasoning, and what do you believe are the broader implications of this decision?
To be really honest, I don’t know as to whether it was a landmark decision or not. However, Siddharth Suri vs Registrar of Trade Marks does give a guiding light for registration of geographical names as trade marks where the geographical name has been applied arbitrarily to the goods. In this case, the goods were ‘Leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins, hides, trunks and travelling bags; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and saddlery’ for which ‘Andamen’ was not found to be having a goods-place association. Accordingly, the objection under Section 9(1)(b) that the trade mark designates geographical origin was not found to be attracted since Andamen (whether said to be taken from Andaman Sea or from the Andaman & Nicobar Islands) does not have a reputation for goods falling in Class 18.
The broader implications of the decision are that when one comes across a geographical name as a trade mark, they should not disregard its protection/registration just because it is a geographical name but analyze whether that geographical area has an association or reputation for goods for which it is sought to be registered/protected.
You advise clients across diverse sectors including FMCG, pharmaceuticals, liquor, book publishing, and e-commerce. Given the rapid growth of the pharmaceutical industry, what are some of the major legal and compliance challenges entities face in this space?
I think as far as the pharmaceutical industry is concerned, the biggest challenge has been counterfeit products. For a consumer, who may consume these counterfeit products; disaster always lurks around the corner to make its presence felt. In other terms, the consumers are extremely vulnerable to life threatening consequences. I have, in the past, worked on multiple matters, both civil and criminal, where the Defendants/Accused produced identical drugs and it is not possible to identify the fake unless you get inputs from the team who worked on the packaging and in some cases research. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the most regulated industries; since it has to cater to safety and efficacy. Keeping this in mind, it obviously has to comply with safety and cleanliness standards, good manufacturing practices, disclosure of information and that too in line with labelling requirements. The major problem in the industry is fake drug racket, which may or may not be related to any Intellectual property and could be a completely new mark, where the ingredients told on the label will not even be present in the drug and the drug would have been sold or supplied clandestinely with no regulatory approval at all.
As a Partner, staying ahead of the curve is crucial. In your view, how effective have the current government initiatives been in streamlining the IP registration process? What further improvements in your opinion can be made?
In recent times, I could think of four initiatives done at the level of the Intellectual Property office which are commendable. First, is the possibility of search of device trade marks, which has been facilitated online by the IP office. The added advantage of this feature is that depending on the device/image the tool also suggests the possible Vienna Code Classifications; which also aids in saving time.
Second, is the enablement of a queue system for various functions and displaying it online; a real time check for hearing, review applications and examination status; which enables an entity to know as to where it marks stands in the list of hearings before the trade marks office.
Third is the Open house sessions, the IP office does with applicants and stakeholders everyday from 4.30 PM to 5.30 PM virtually to address grievances or take suggestions on any issue related to Intellectual Property Rights.
Last is the ‘Notifications/Reminders’ feature on the e-filing page and the ‘Reminders’ feature on the E-Register Page; which enables one to see latest updates on their portfolio of applications, ensuring that no important update is missed. This saves a tremendous amount of time.
In my view, to ensure a smooth registration process; the first thing that should be incorporated is consistency and standard operating procedures; so that every applicant or stakeholder has a clear idea of the chance of their application getting accepted or rejected.
You’ve worked on intermediary liability matters. How do you assess the evolving legal framework around platform accountability, especially in light of recent judicial decisions and amendments to the IT Rules? What are the core challenges in striking a balance between free expression and regulatory obligations?
I think the intention is always to balance; that’s what in my view, any legislature or government exercising its legislative powers under the IT Act, 2000 looks at while keeping in mind the protection of the people and at the same time working out the economics. So, that’s the word. BALANCE!! – the evolving legal framework in the IT Rules, especially The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 [hereinafter ‘IT Rules, 2021’] indicates a tide towards control but the intent of that control is Balance; The amendments to the same in 2022 required the intermediary to make reasonable efforts so that content which is covered under Rule 3(1)(b) is, inter alia, not displayed on its platform. The intention is some sort of action; but the rule making body steers clear of indicating what sort of action (no pointers whatsoever) and leaves it as a subject of interpretation. However, what are these ‘reasonable efforts’ or what could be some examples of these ‘reasonable efforts’; for that we get an indication from judicial decisions such as the recent decision in Indiamart Intermesh Ltd. v. Puma SE; 2025: DHC:4819-DB which indicates that one of the reasonable efforts for a platform could be that each of the sellers is aware of the requirement to not display counterfeit products and to ensure that they furnish an express undertaking to the said effect to the intermediary. Apart from this, on reading of paragraph 92 of the decision, I think another indication of reasonable effort could also be not to re-list the same seller in respect of the same products whose listings have been taken down earlier.
As far as 2023 amendments are concerned; they appear to have been done majorly to have the online gaming intermediaries under a stricter control (as compared to intermediaries) , especially those online gaming intermediaries who enable the users to access any permissible online real money. A lot of compliance requirements under ‘IT Rules, 2021’ which were only applicable to a significant social media intermediary originally have been extended to online gaming intermediaries as well by virtue of the amendments done in the year 2023.
As far as your last question, I think the standard of morality/scandalous statements keeps shifting with every generation. The biggest challenge I believe is ‘viewpoint bias’ and the evolving nature of the society we live in. Thus, in my opinion there will always be shifting standards and that’s why this area of law will always be dynamic and never ending. In simpler terms, what may be kosher for one; may be outrageous for another and this will be perennial. So, it is extremely difficult to maintain that balance between free expression and regulatory obligations.
With such an enriching and diverse career, what initially inspired you to pursue law? What advice would you offer to law students and young professionals aspiring to build a career in Intellectual Property and litigation?
I am an extremely lazy person when it comes to doing things for myself. I try to take the most convenient and easy route to navigate life choices. So, resultantly, the decision to pursue law was the length of the programme; five years. No worry after school for another five years. I thought in the beginning of the law school that may be after these five years; I will know what I need to do. However, post five years, I just went with the flow. In hindsight, I think I should not have done law. I could have explored a creative vocation where my thoughts could be disseminated freely (Obviously, subject to reasonable restrictions in Article 19).
One of my advice to every aspiring professional in the field of Intellectual Property would be to be tech-savvy. To understand how content is being created these days. What are the terms of the AI platforms, which are used by us for content creation. Further, I would also recommend not to restrict their understanding of jurisprudence on intellectual property to India but analyze what is going on globally. In this decade already we are dealing with landmark decisions on intellectual property issues intertwined with technology utilised across platforms which have shown us issues which we could not have probably envisaged a few decades ago. Look at the issue that is challenging the use of content by AI platforms, ‘keyword advertising’, use of a mark in drop down menu at the back end to trigger a listing if one searches for those products on a platform, violations by virtue of deepfake technology etc. I mean, mirror websites and duping in the name of fraud schemes of investment or employment across the internet, fake domain names, domain name disputes are something that have become traditional violations of Intellectual Property and orders granting real-time injunctions are not being passed only in isolated cases.
So far as litigation is concerned, my advice has always been to be diligent and understand the background and the possible solutions through procedural laws. Litigation is not a predictable game; there are variables across stages in a matter – from inception to trial; from an ex-parte order till consequent appeals. One has to make a strategy giving all possible variables due weight.
Managing a demanding legal practice comes with its own pressures. How do you maintain a healthy work-life balance, and is there a personal philosophy or guiding principle that has helped you navigate your professional journey?
To be really honest, I am unable to maintain a healthy work-life balance. Unfortunately, my matters, the ongoing developments in the fraternity, the need for being constantly updated & networking does not allow me to shut down/switch off. While my office is five (5) days working, the only time I think I am able to be completely at peace is when I sleep or I read. I read a lot, and have also in this process edited a few comic books. These are my only escapes apart from occasional films in theatres or at home. A lot of professionals, who might be really busy may say that they spend time with their families; switch off on weekends etc. Kudos to them!! I am never able to shut down. There is a constant barrage of thoughts in my head unless I am sleeping, reading or watching anything. I am constantly thinking of what needs to be done, are we on top of all our matters, has the team done all the compliances etc. There is a constant urge to ensure everything is under control and all bases are covered. This leads me to not have a work-life balance.
The only guiding principle that has helped me to navigate my professional journey is sincerity and time management. One has to prepare as much as they could for a matter while giving other matters also their due importance. One has to give every advice keeping all the ethical considerations in mind. I try my best every day to do and pull off a lot, sometimes much more than I actually can. Sometimes I succeed; sometimes I don’t. On days I succeed, I stay calm and think something constructive has been achieved. On the remaining days, I am just too hard on myself.
Your journey reflects remarkable versatility and determination. Looking back, what pivotal decisions do you believe have contributed most to your practice over the years?
My journey into law, and specifically as an IP Attorney, was far from a linear path. Unlike many, I never initially aimed to be a lawyer; in fact, the term “IP Attorney” was completely foreign to me until my second year of law school when IP was first introduced as a subject.
Coming from a humble, rural background in Talegaon Dabhade, Pune, my early academic pursuits were remarkably diverse. I chose arts at Ferguson College, majored in Psychology for my B.A., and even dedicated time to learning and tutoring German language while preparing for Nritya Visharad, harbouring aspirations of becoming a classical dancer, psychologist, or German translator. Law was never on my radar.
However, destiny, as they say, had other plans. Being a first-generation lawyer in the family, unaware of the fascinating journey ahead, I took a significant leap of faith. I applied to only one institution, ILS Law College. Getting selected in the first list felt incredibly lucky, as it was a high-risk gamble with no Plan B – a rejection would have meant a wasted year. Although I later transferred to Shankarrao Chavan Law College in my second year, this initial entry into the legal field was itself a pivotal decision.
This unconventional start , directly led to numerous vital career breaks, opportunities, and challenges. The journey itself broadened my horizons, exposing me to diverse people, institutions, experiences, and ideologies. These early experiences undoubtedly instilled in me resilience, an openness to new directions, and a unique interdisciplinary perspective. I truly believe these qualities laid the foundation for my enriching legal practice and have profoundly shaped who I am today.
What motivated you to pursue a Master’s degree in Science and Technology Law? Why did you choose this particular specialization, and how has it influenced your practice?
My decision to pursue a Master’s degree in Science and Technology Law was a pivotal moment in my journey. The dynamic and evolving nature of science and technology, encompassing fascinating areas like Intellectual Property, Biotechnology Law, Cyber Law, and Health Law, deeply intrigued me. This particular specialization, offered by the Department of Law at Savitribai Phule Pune University, provided a holistic overview of the actual laws in place, regulations, and pending bills in these fields.
The one-year LL.M. program was instrumental in cultivating strong research, presentation, and public speaking skills. While Intellectual Property (IP) was my primary focus, this course provided a robust theoretical foundation in IP, which was crucial for my understanding, research, and practice in IP law. I am particularly grateful to my professors, Dr. Jyoti Bhakare Ma’am and the late T.S.N. Shastry Sir, for fostering my interest in research. The affinity for research I developed during my LL.M. studies remains a cornerstone of my practice today. Beyond academics, the program also allowed me to forge valuable connections and a supportive network that continues to be a source of shared knowledge and care.
In the early phase of your career, what experiences or cases helped solidify your interest and expertise in intellectual property law, ultimately leading you to build a career in this domain?
So, from administrative and accounting roles during my LL.B. to becoming a Trademark Associate, visiting faculty, researcher, and ultimately leading my own law firm, every step has been instrumental in building my network, professionalism, knowledge, and interpersonal skills. The one constant thread woven through all these experiences has been Intellectual Property.
A particularly pivotal moment occurred during my third year of LL.B., when I was working in an administrative capacity. However, my main work was to recover pending invoices from clients. For the first time I was tasked with coordinating copyright filings for a corporate client. As I wasn’t yet a qualified lawyer, the initial plan was to outsource this work. However, being new to the field with no prior legal experience or strong professional connections, I struggled to find a trustworthy attorney online, causing a delay in the assignment. Instead of waiting, I took the initiative. Under the guidance of my senior, I decided to undertake the assignment myself. Successfully completing it single-handedly, by the time the registrations were finalized, I had not only gained valuable IP experience, but this experience provided the initial boost of confidence I needed to delve deeper into IP.
At that time, I even found myself daydreaming about having my own law office and all the “corporate fancy things,” largely inspired by series like “SUITS.” From that point forward, the more I immersed myself in this field, the more opportunities I seized. Another impactful experience that solidified my global perspective was assisting foreign attorneys with trademark infringement matters in SAARC countries. Additionally, I had the opportunity to introduce new perspectives to the firm’s trademark practice, which led to a drastic increase in their filings. This invaluable exposure allowed me to read, understand, and apply IP laws in various foreign jurisdictions, especially within Asian countries, further cementing my dedication to this domain.
After working with prominent law firms, what inspired you to branch out and establish your own practice? What were some of the major challenges you faced during this transition, and how did you navigate them?
Establishing my own practice and ultimately my own office was always a core aspiration. While working with Ex- law firms, I actively immersed myself in client counselling, meetings, networking, and client acquisition, eventually realizing I excelled in these areas. By the time I decided to make the leap, I felt confident in my ability to navigate the challenges that lay ahead.
The opportune moment arrived post-COVID-19, amidst a global surge in entrepreneurial spirit. I decided to take the plunge, giving myself a pragmatic six-month window to explore the market. This time, I had a well-thought-out Plan B, given my increased responsibilities. I am incredibly satisfied, happy, and grateful for the overwhelming positive response and trust I received not only from my professional network but also from my husband. What began as an individual practice has since grown into an LLP, offering a diverse range of services beyond IP, including Data Protection, Privacy Laws, Cyber Laws, Entertainment Laws, Legal Metrology, POSH, Litigation, and General Corporate matters. My portfolio expanded organically, driven by my clients’ evolving needs.
A unique challenge emerged during this transition, one that I found both amusing and concerning. I received calls, on multiple occasions, demanding justification for starting my individual practice. These calls explicitly instructed me not to approach former firms’ clients or even to redirect any clients who might approach me in my individual capacity. Such demands from senior industry figures were not only illogical but also fundamentally unacceptable. Indeed, it felt like an attempt to threaten, suppress, and dominate me. But, this act inadvertently bolstered my confidence, affirming that I was on the right track and destined for something significant.
My belief has always been, “There are plenty of fish in the sea; go and catch yours.” I am immensely proud to state that my first 50 clients were acquired purely through my own efforts and network, not by “stealing” or personally soliciting from any previous firm. This is a point I’ve rarely discussed publicly, known only to my closest friends. Naturally, I chose to ignore those unwarranted demands, focusing instead on testing and implementing my own ideas. I am proud to say that I have never had to proactively solicit work from clients. Instead, my clients, friends, family, my husband, and my business partner have organically become my most effective brand ambassadors.
You’ve worked on over 3000 trademark applications across jurisdictions. Could you share a particularly complex or memorable case that left a lasting impact on you professionally?
Yes, indeed. Each and every case and application has its own unique journey with its challenges and surprises. One particularly memorable case that left a lasting impact on me professionally involved a situation where the infringers were, surprisingly, a group of my client’s own students. They had copied my client’s domain name with deceptively similar words and spellings, leading to clear trademark infringement and cyber-squatting.
The complexity arose from the existing relationship between my client and these individuals. A direct legal enforcement action, while legally justifiable, would have severely damaged those relations. Therefore, my approach had to be non-conventional. Instead of issuing a formal legal notice, we had to very politely communicate with them, explaining the legal implications and amicably requesting them to take down the domain name and refrain from future use.
This case was a significant learning experience for me. It taught me that legal solutions aren’t always black and white, and understanding the human element can lead to a far more satisfactory and sustainable outcome for all parties involved.
As a Trademark Facilitator and mentor under the Start-up India initiative, how would you assess the current level of IP awareness among Indian startups? What more can be done to foster a stronger culture of IP protection in the startup ecosystem?
As a Trademark Facilitator and mentor under the Start-up India initiative, I’ve seen India’s startup ecosystem flourish since 2015. While many startups are aware of IP’s existence, there’s a significant lack of strategic understanding in approaching IP registrations. Even after a decade of Start-up India Scheme, very few startups genuinely prioritize and secure their IPs seriously. Those who do are consistently at the forefront of the market, proving the competitive edge IP offers.
To foster a stronger IP culture, we must empower founders with foundational IP knowledge, which shall help them to identify their IP assets. Also, this would prevent them from being misled and enable them to proactively integrate IP protection into their business strategy, which is crucial for long-term success.
You’ve presented research and spoken at international conferences in Singapore and China. How have these global engagements shaped your professional outlook and influenced your long-term vision?
My global engagements, especially the ARCIALA research conference in Singapore and fellowship in China, profoundly shaped my professional outlook. Initially seeking research opportunities in IP, these experiences offered me an invaluable global perspective from diverse international researchers. They provided strong connections and significantly deepened my understanding of the subject. This exposure solidified my long-term vision to practice IP with a broader, more interconnected view, constantly seeking to understand and adapt to the evolving international IP landscape.
Your extensive work across SAARC, GCC countries, and through the Madrid Protocol gives you a unique global perspective. What are some key considerations Indian IP practitioners should keep in mind while managing international trademark portfolios?
Having the opportunity to work on various international trademark assignments, definitely it becomes very important for us as Trademark Attorneys to go beyond eye on details, deadlines and trademark filing requirements of a particular country. It’s crucial to grasp the technical nuances of each country’s trademark law, such as “first-to-use” versus “first-to-file” systems, and ensure the mark is morally and culturally acceptable in that specific region. Thorough due diligence, understanding local language requirements, knowing the protection period, establishing strong connections with foreign attorneys, and being prepared for diverse enforcement procedures are all vital. This comprehensive approach is essential for effective global trademark management.
In addition to your legal practice, you’ve been a visiting lecturer for nearly seven years, work with an NGO, and have co-authored a book. How do you balance your professional responsibilities with these meaningful pursuits, and what drives you to stay engaged on so many fronts?
Balancing my legal practice with lecturing, NGO work as a POSH committee member, and co-authoring a book comes down to strategic time management and prioritizing urgency. I initially took lecturing roles outside office hours, and now, with a diverse practice, I focus on shorter courses and sessions. Co-authoring was part of a job role, yet it significantly advanced my research direction, while NGO work is primarily “as required on site” role.
So, the support and belief of the good people around me drives me across these varied engagements, which keeps me motivated and energized!
With a career spanning over two decades and expertise in Real Estate, General Corporate, and Commercial Transactions, what were some of the early experiences or influences that drew you to these specific areas of law?
Early years in Practice are experimental, one has to be open to everything, each work adds value to your knowledge, it is like experimenting with your own skill set, it is only with years that your client decides what you are good at, so I guess the choice is more about getting your skills to explore everything rather than being selective in the early years. And as you go through handling transactions, each being its own type, over the years, you realise that every transaction has that one element which is different, and there lies the experience, which gradually grows through such handling and conclusions of transactions, it’s a process and there’s no short cut to it.
You began your academic journey with a degree in B.Com. What led you to pursue law afterward and was it a deliberate choice or something that evolved over time?
My career chose me, I guess. I was always meant to be here. In fact, I also cleared my ICWA, Group III and CS, Group I, but ultimately my passion for Law was stronger. I was inclined to do something which had an element of variety in its execution and detailing and Law, has a wide range of skill sets to choose from, here there is no limit to the learning or stopping from being variant and practicing the streams that one intends to, one can be practicing various domains simultaneously, too.
Having worked with prominent law firms and institutions, what inspired your transition to establishing an independent practice? What were some of the turning points that shaped this decision?
Growth is inevitable and so is learning, any point of saturation leads you to level up. That is the only constant. One always wishes to have an independent set up, not for enjoying freedom but also for being able to take up newer areas of expertise, grow. The Covid times, made start up advisory and POSH Practice my added areas of legal services, that was the time that I started rendering legal services and complete legal handholding to start-ups, MSMEs and handled their entire contract cycle. I guess it’s always about learning and as a Professional that should be one’s priority.
You’ve handled a wide range of real estate transactions. In your experience, what are some of the major legal challenges that often arise during due diligence in the real estate sector?
Real Estate Practice is one of the most challenging practice areas, because of the wide range of enactments in force, gazettes and regulations, with plethora of enactments, due diligence for specific land types, tenures as also proximity to certain sensitive areas and coastal areas, personal laws, etc makes it an extensive area of practice. Out of the many transactions that I have been a part of and handled, one such was while being a part of a 50acre acquisition, it had multiple enactment permissions, sanctions and permissions, under various Acts, prior to my client being able to buy it, it was for a German Company. One of the most exciting acquisitions.
Your work with startups, SEZ developers, and major infrastructure companies. When dealing with SEZs in particular, how do you adapt your legal strategy? What makes the legal landscape involving SEZs distinct from others?
Start up and SEZ are two distinct set ups, calling for totally different approach. While for a start-up it is important to understand their vision statement to be able to legally handhold them, for a SEZ it’s the scale of acquisition, permissions involved. A start up may still be naïve to hiring a Lawyer yesterday, a SEZ has it all along. While SEZ is about scale, a Start up is about measure. Law remains the bottom line for both, the scale differs. As I mentioned practicing law means gauging the requirement, while start up may just require contracts, IP to be its first choice of legal expertise SEZ calls for enumerable sanctions, due diligence, permissions, contracts, Definitive documents and may more to even begin with.
You’ve played an active role in promoting POSH compliance and workplace inclusion. In your view, how is the legal framework in India evolving to support safer, more equitable work environments?
Yes, as I mentioned I started my POSH practice in the year 2019 and it was a turning point in understanding how an organisation can be ignorant about an employee being mentally harassed (sexually). It has been 2013 since the enactment came in force, but the way things have evolved in view of the present workplace and the diversity of the workforce, calls for a different perception of how we would now interpret the enactment, more gender neutral. But by and large it’s the women who need to be safeguarded against the harassment and we have to focus and emphasize more on gender sensitization and education. The practice in POSH is a challenging area of practice, which calls for proper interpretation of law, policies of an organisation and understanding the human aspect of the practice, too. There still needs to be a lot of work to be done in the domain and I personally feel, the real achievement lies in not requiring any Law to tell people how to behave/act with one another. It’s about being able to strike a chord between a healthy and mutually dependable, respectful and growth oriented work environment for all.
With the Data Protection and Digital Privacy Act (DPDPD) gaining prominence, how ready do you believe Indian businesses are to meet compliance requirements? What specific impact does this have in sectors like real estate?
Absolutely ignorant is how I would view it as, as of now. With we still awaiting the Rules to be framed, I guess it’s still a wait and watch scenario with most. Though there is awareness about something, it’s not clear as to how much detrimental it can be, if non-complied with, and that’s a huge gap that we as Professionals, working in this domain, have to fill. You’ve received several accolades for your work. What key advice would you offer to aspiring legal professionals particularly those looking to build a corporate practice?
Law is the profession for the patient players, you cannot rush to success in this field, it’s about Perseverance and constant Learning, here it is about knowledge first. One important thing is never compare your success with any measuring tape, accolades, awards, included. Success means to each its own and thus does not have any set yardstick of measurement. Focus on your journey, upgrading, learning and do everything with a lot of passion and involvement, nothing is Magic, it takes time to shape up and show results. Patience is the key. There are wide choices in todays times and one can pick and choose that one intends to and stay focussed on building that. But, levelling and upgrading is a must. Law is an ever growing field and a need for all, so learning is absolutely inevitable, I know it all attitude, may not work.
With such a diverse and dynamic legal portfolio, what drives your passion for the law each day? What has sustained this motivation and commitment over the years?
Your question has the answer- PASSION and I would value Discipline more than Motivation, Consistency above Perfection, its ones constant effort and dedication that keeps you going, every day.
What inspired your shift from an engineering background to a career in law? How has your technical foundation influenced your legal practice, particularly in areas like technology contracts or regulatory compliance?
Since my B.tech college days I always believed in learning new things whenever possible. So, I never considered it as a shift but saw it as upskilling myself through the field of law and with time utilizing my learning from both professional degrees to provide good quality services to my clients. Because of my tech foundation I built strong problem-solving skills, learned to look at something from multiple perspectives. Also, it helps me to bridge the legal and tech communication in a better manner. I am able to ask the right questions from clients to understand their requirements. This helps me to incorporate applicable clauses according to their situation.
For example, while working with an Australia based software company on a data privacy policy, I noticed they struggled to explain their backend structure in legal terms. Because of my engineering background, I could quickly grasp what their system actually did—how they stored, transferred, and processed user data. I translated that into GDPR-compliant language for their policy. It made the process smoother, faster, and more accurate.
In the early stages of your legal career, you worked with a range of national and international law firms. What were some formative experiences during this time that helped deepen your understanding of the law and shape your current practice?
Since my internship days, I got to work in so many different areas of law and I always excitedly said yes! On the litigation side I have worked on a range of cases like cheque dishonour, land acquisition, land compensation cases, high stake arbitrations, industrial disputes, commercial suits, easement cases against Highway authorities, criminal matters, etc. on the Indian side. Also, I worked on employment law cases, probate cases, and personal injury cases in the USA.
On the corporate law side I have worked on international M&A projects, due diligence work, real estate compliance in USA and India, SaaS contracts, etc.
The immense experience and learnings that I have received from everyone I have interacted with regarding my work is exceptional. Some taught me how to formulate arguments before district court and how to do it differently before high court, from international clients/firms I understood how legal expectations differ globally, building habit of listening more of what clients want to say to gain clarity and build structure of our thought before we I start working on any legal project. This becomes very important if you have to deliver something that aligns with the client’s purpose.
A good example that I can think of is about my recent project with a Florida based law firm for drafting employment handbooks. One key learning I took from that experience—and now apply in my own legal practice—is the importance of proactive legal layering. I began building handbooks with layered clauses—clearly identifying what applies universally, what’s state-specific, and where updates may be required as laws evolve. Now, whether I am drafting policies, contracts, or compliance documents, I adopt this layered structure. It not only ensures accuracy but helps clients easily understand and comply with their obligations based on where they operate. This approach also makes future updates more efficient and audit-readiness much stronger.
You currently advise businesses across diverse jurisdictions, including the USA, EU, Singapore, and Australia. What are some of the key legal and regulatory differences you encounter, and how do you effectively manage the complexities of cross-border compliance?
Each jurisdiction has unique laws, cultural considerations, and enforcement mechanisms, requiring tailored strategies. Like in the US, employment is largely at-will but takes all kinds of discrimination very seriously and we have to add a detailed clause for it to cover all kinds of discrimination.
In the EU, GDPR is one of the strictest data protection regimes and requires through check in client’s operations to decide whether GDPR applies or not and then draft data protection policy accordingly.
Singapore is known for its business-friendly environment but has strict anti-money laundering regulations.
It’s always something new that comes up so you have to stay updated with the laws of the country your client is operating in. For this, I stay connected with local legal experts so I get timely updates and advice if needed for a case. For cross-border legal compliance work, it is better to perform risk assessments to prioritize high risk areas like data privacy in EU, anti-corruption in USA, anti-money laundering law in Singapore etc.
What are some of the most common pitfalls legal professionals face when negotiating and drafting high-stakes agreements such as SaaS contracts, NDAs, and Master Service Agreements? What strategies do you use to mitigate these risks?
SaaS, NDA, MSA, are critical to business operations governing IP, service delivery, confidentiality, liability, etc. Errors can lead to financial losses, legal disputes, operations disruptions.
Pitfall 1: ambiguous terms. For example, not defining scope of services in MSA or not clarifying termination procedure. This can allow a party to avoid its obligations using the cover of ambiguous terms of contract.
Pitfall 2: neglecting jurisdiction specific regulations such as GDPR in SaaS contracts, minimum wages as per region to be considered before drafting employment contract, which may lead to hefty fines and an invalid contract in some jurisdictions.
Pitfall 3: not clarifying end goals/purpose of client for drafting this agreement. Client’s intention was to have an easy exit strategy but got stuck for years in litigation due to detailed and inflexible termination clauses. It is very important to understand a client’s business goals before you start drafting any legal document be it a petition or a MSA or any other contract.
Pitfall 4: inadequate risk allocation- liability for data breaches in SaaS contract, indemnification clauses in MSA, if not specified can expose parties to unforeseen liabilities and long running litigation cases.
Strategies to mitigate risks:
1. Clarity in drafting- using clear, simple and concise language, define the key terms explicitly. I also use schedules and appendices for technical details for SaaS contracts and MSAs.
2. Due diligence for regulatory compliance- a thorough due diligence before drafting any contract would be helpful in anticipating risks of non-compliance. Go through laws, rules, regulations, standing orders, or whatever is applicable for your scenario to avoid such risks.
3. Draft practical terms: understand the client’s goals and incorporate clauses according to it. For example, in some situations it requires detailed procedure for termination and in some a brief clause would work, you have to use your experience and instincts combined with client’s goals.
4. Balance risk allocation: use scenario planning to reduce probability of default by a party and anticipate risk like service failures and data breaches. Definitely have clear indemnification clauses applicable to the scenario. This can only be achieved when you get clarity on what are business goals and purpose to enter such agreements by client.
Having incorporated over 10 businesses in the U.S., how do you ensure compliance with federal, state, and local regulations throughout the entity formation process?
Incorporating so many businesses in the USA has taught me that compliance with all 3 levels of regulations is critical. After I incorporated my first few companies, I prepared a checklist which I follow regularly.
First and foremost is to understand why the client wants to incorporate in a specific state. Whether it is easy taxation, simple compliance, less fees, quick turnaround, etc.
Second is to figure out which entity would be the best for the client. Whether an LLC or C-Corp or S-Corp. In some situations, clients are fixed on setting up a C-Corp when clearly it would be better for their business to be an LLC. Have a good discussion with the client so that you convey all relevant points and the client can make an informed decision.
Do your due diligence once you have answers to 1 and 2nd question. This is important to figure out all compliance documents you might require before incorporating a company. Sometimes business purposes require additional permits or zoning approvals which become relevant to get before you start operating your business.
Once we have answers to the above 3 questions then I get ready to focus on drafting documents required for the state of incorporation like Articles of incorporation, certificate of incorporation, BOIR (Beneficial ownership information report), EIN SS-4 form, etc.
Once these documents are ready, we file them before the state either online or by sending them physically through mail or fax.
Having dealt with various arbitration matters over the years, what do you believe are the advantages or disadvantages of arbitration to traditional court litigation and could you share one of the most interesting arbitrations matters you’ve dealt with?
In my experience, arbitration offers significant advantages over traditional litigation, especially in commercial disputes. It is faster, more private and allows parties to choose arbitrators with subject matter expertise, this is invaluable in technical or high value matters.
However, it has its own challenges. Cost can escalate with institutional arbitration; limited appeal rights mean poor awards can’t be easily challenged even if flawed. Another issue is cross border disputes, for example enforcement of a foreign award does become a legal battle of its own, which takes years to decide.
One of the interesting cases I have dealt with was an arbitration worth 9 cr between a govt institution and a company. The main issue raised by the company was that the govt contracts having unilateral arbitration clauses are invalid. However, after we submitted our evidence and read the arbitration clause along with
What advice would you give to young professionals aspiring to build a career in international law? Are there specific skills, habits, or resources you believe are crucial for staying current in such a dynamic field?
For someone like me who has been interested in international legal work since college days, I would recommend giving 2-3 hours daily to build a strong foundation of law and legal work for a jurisdiction you are interested to work in by focusing on research, reading civil/criminal codes, legal templates, etc. There are numerous opportunities in this field, once you start researching and reading more about different areas of law, try finding areas which intrigues you the most like employment law, data privacy, patent law, etc. and then figure out what kind of work is to be done there.
A lawyer interested in this field must build legal research skills, negotiation skills, strong hold on your focus law, have an open mind, problem solving nature, commercial awareness, be humble and adaptable to fast changing laws.
If someone is interested to work in this field then certain critical habits are also required like being globally minded i.e., having cultural sensitivity and adaptability to diverse perspective, ready for life long learnings, be comfortable to working odd hours since countries like US, Europe are like 9-12 hours behind so having a quick turnaround time in such odd hours do give you the edge of connecting with right people at right time specially to build trust across geographies, have high ethical standards and respect professional codes of conduct, learn to respect time because it is highly valued in international community. Just an addition though not necessary is to learn French or Spanish if you are interested, it does help if you plan for Europe.
Regarding resources, join international legal associations like IBA, ICC, YIAG, SIAC, etc. attend various virtual webinars for your topic of interest. You can also follow certain organizations WIPO, UNICTRAL, ILO, etc. because they have provided drafts of laws which most countries follow so there is uniformity and helps build your legal foundation which can be used globally.
Understand the role of AI but don’t rely on it completely to spoon feed you everything. It will reduce your credibility in the market. It is a friend if you use it right and might become your biggest competitor in the coming future.
All I can say is persevere and you will reach your goals to work with international clients and law firms.
Working in a high-stakes, fast-paced legal environment can be demanding. How do you maintain your personal well-being, and what practices help you unwind and recharge outside of work?
What I can say is having mental clarity about working long hours regularly on odd times and being prepared for it. Consider it as your one-person company, you are working for yourself so define how many hours you are willing to work in a week for your company and be disciplined with it. Though there are days you feel low, drained or lost. So, it is important to have 1-2 persons with positive vibes around you. I meditate regularly (try Silva Method) and try to do at least 3-4 workouts with 1 day focusing on lower back and upper body posture, because you will be sitting for long hours and it definitely helps. Sit with your family, have at least 1 meal together with everyone. Once a week I go to a temple for my spiritual peace and support.
Other than that I like going on tour to different monuments in Delhi to learn its history and romanticize more with the city I belong to.
You’ve worked extensively across sectors like AI, social media, e-commerce, education, and gaming. What early experiences shaped your decision to specialize in technology and regulatory law?
I think the best way to describe it is that a series of decisions brought me to where I am today. My love of political science as a subject sent me down the path of reading law, and my desire to be the prime minister of India one day (among many other professions – across creative and public interest fields) brought me to public policy. Tech was always fascinating to me – one example that comes to mind is how I’d watch product launches and service upgrades, and visualise the journey from the present moment to a future with Irona-esque devices or Tony Stark’s Jarvis assistant. But I was also acutely cognisant of the need for an inclusive regulatory discourse surrounding technology, one that ensures a seat at the table for a cross-section of diverse perspectives.
My early mentors played a formative role in equipping me with the tools to understand this space and build my own voice. While tech public policy was still in its experimental stages as a profession in India, I worked on complex questions surrounding intermediary liability and safe harbour, net neutrality, and privacy. The perfect storm of innovation, impact, and uncertainty reinforced for me the need for thoughtful, future-facing tech regulations. And I realised that I loved the interpretation of law, but I was even more excited about understanding the answers to the underlying questions – of intent, of timing, of form, and of substance – and within that context ensuring that the perspective and agency of the individual remains front and centre.
How did your LL.M in Public International Law from LSE broaden your legal perspective, especially in navigating global tech policy?
LSE gave me a bird’s-eye view of how legal norms are constructed, contested, and negotiated across jurisdictions. It trained me to think beyond domestic legislation and consider global frameworks, power dynamics, and geopolitical context – skills that are essential in tech policy today. Studying international humanitarian and human rights law also deepened my own appreciation of “harms” and what they might mean in the digital world. It taught me to ask not just “is this legal,” but “is this just,” especially when advising on emerging technologies. That normative framing continues to guide my work across borders today.
What I am most grateful for, however, is how LSE opened up a whole new and vibrant world – of people, experiences, and contexts – that I may have read about in the past but got to actually immerse myself in-person. It impressed upon me just how numerous and diverse perspectives on a single issue can be, and how essential it is to make space for them in building the policy ecosystem of tomorrow.
Having worked with top law firms and major companies, what inspired you to launch Data & Co, and what is your vision for the future?
When I thought of my next steps, the answer was quite straightforward – I wanted to focus on the subject matter that I love – of public policy as it applies to the technology sector. Granted that this is work I’ve done for the past 11 years, but I wanted to now thoughtfully and intentionally design my focus. I’m building Data & Co to be a trusted advisor across the spectrum of regulatory stakeholders – businesses, governments, special interest groups alike – as well be a thought leader on emerging policy challenges particularly for fast moving regulatory topics like in AI, digital payments, privacy, online safety, and consumer interest.
Candidly, Data & Co is my professional passion project. I feel inspired to strengthen evidence-based thoughtful policy research on some of these issues, while also collaborating closely with stakeholders for cross-pollination of ideas and building a more resilient and sustainable policy ecosystem. I launched Data & Co to bridge legal nuance with public policy strategy, and to make the approach to compliance not just a checkbox, but a tool for responsible innovation.
A big part of my vision is to invite young minds to this work – new ideas always spark novel answers to complex problems, and that is invigorating. So at Data & Co we welcome young people to share their thinking, and be involved and productive members of the policy discourse.
Given your experience advising both Indian and international clients, how do you navigate evolving regulatory frameworks particularly in the area of data privacy when legal standards are still emerging and often ambiguous?
I treat ambiguity as an opportunity for proactive strategy rather than passive compliance. Navigating emerging frameworks means staying grounded in first principles – think accountability, data principal rights, and purpose limitation for instance. It also means scenario-planning for multiple outcomes, building privacy-by-design muscle early, and engaging constructively with regulators. My approach is typically layered – assess risk, weigh policy direction, and align with business goals, which includes maintaining the interest of the individual customer. I also find it helpful to reiterate that in navigating privacy, building and maintaining trust with data principals is crucial, and using that as a yardstick when exploring emerging regulations can be quite instructive.
With laws like India’s DPDP Act and the growing global focus on AI governance, what guiding principles should companies follow to ensure ethical innovation and long-term regulatory compliance?
I’d go back to the first principles I just mentioned. Transparency, user agency, privacy-by-design, and fairness should be embedded into product and data practices, not retrofitted after the fact. The global AI and privacy regulatory landscape may differ in specifics, but the overall direction is often informed by similar imperatives – that of protecting consumer interest. This means inculcating practices of explainability in clear and simple language, i.e. how and why personal data is collected, and how decisions on/ from/ for that personal data are made.
I also recommend, as a good hygiene practice, to build internal accountability structures. In doing so, cross-functional collaboration and clear documentation go a long way – in both ensuring compliance and building user trust.
You have helped clients through unexpected regulatory shifts. Can you share a specific example of managing a challenging case in relation to global technology regulations?
As public policy professionals, our goal is to work towards limiting instances of unexpected regulatory changes, and contribute constructively to the dialogue. However, every now and then there are surprises that we help our clients navigate. My goal, as the first step, is to understand what is happening, why, who it is intended for, and how it impacts my client. To do all of this, I work closely with cross-functional partners internally within my client organisation and simultaneously with regulatory stakeholders as well as peers in the industry to gain their perspectives.
In situations like these, I personally find clear prioritisation to be incredibly helpful – what is business-critical versus good-to-have. I think it is also essential to manage expectations with honesty, and partner productively with internal and external stakeholders. And I also use these opportunities to remind myself that agility is as important as knowledge.
As a woman leading at the intersection of law, tech, and policy fields traditionally dominated by men, what key challenges and leadership lessons have shaped you, and what advice would you have for others facing similar paths?
One lesson that’s stayed with me is that while credibility is earned, confidence must often be self-issued. Early on, I had to make my peace with being the only woman, or the youngest voice, in many rooms, and to back myself even when others didn’t because of my gender or age. I advocated for inclusion and diversity in these rooms. I learned to speak up not just when I was certain, but also when I was curious. Leading now, I try to build spaces that are collaborative, inclusive, and intellectually honest. I learn from people with shared and different experiences alike, and acknowledge struggles – of the glass ceiling, of imposter syndrome, of credit-theft – that we’ve all been through.
My advice? Be audacious in your ideas and generous with your platform, especially for others trying to find theirs. The only way we’ll succeed in making the profession more inclusive is we intentionally make space for diverse perspectives.
Balancing a demanding legal practice with personal life can be challenging. How do you manage the pressures of a multifaceted career while maintaining your well-being and finding time for reflection?
I believe that as human beings we are the sum total of all our experiences, which includes work and leisure. I am wildly protective of both my boundaries and my ambition.
I have a mentor who used to tell me that outside of breaks or holidays from work, it is really important for us to find small moments of joy on a daily basis. On some days, that means logging off to cuddle with my dog (Data, my firm’s mascot), and on other days, it’s about saying no to a project that doesn’t align with my purpose. I also recognise that it is not pragmatic to believe that I can achieve mathematical balance on each day, and so I listen closely to my body and mind. I travel, read and keep myself creatively stimulated through writing, dance or art, which then translates into a fresh mind for work. The converse is also true – my creative pursuits are often informed by work imperatives!
And beyond that, just super tactically, I approach my time with structure and planning. I find blocking time on my calendar very helpful to visualise how I am spending my day/ year, and I remain flexible about tweaking it on the go. My goal, ultimately, is less about balance, and more about (upon reflection) my time as having brought me joy.
