With a specialized academic background in Intellectual Property Law and experience in arbitration, what first sparked your interest in these fields, and how did you chart your path toward building a niche?
My interest in Intellectual Property (IP) Law and Arbitration developed early during my legal education, as I observed how legal structures could facilitate innovation and enable efficient dispute resolution. The interplay of creativity, commerce, and protection within IP law captivated me, while arbitration appealed to my inclination toward structured, time-bound mechanisms for conflict resolution. Recognizing their growing relevance in a globalized, technology-driven world, I pursued a specialization in Intellectual Property Law and complemented it with a Diploma in Cyber Law and a Diploma in Alternate Dispute Resolution. Early in my career, I had the opportunity to work on both IP-centric transactions and arbitration matters, particularly for technology and media clients. This exposure helped me build core competence in these areas. Over the years, I have advised and represented clients in complex IP disputes, as well as high-value arbitrations, thereby developing a niche, multidisciplinary litigation and advisory practice.
With over 12 years of diverse litigation experience across multiple domains, what inspired you to establish your own independent practice? What were some of the initial challenges you faced, and how did you overcome them?
The decision to establish my independent practice was a natural evolution in my professional journey. After years of working with reputed law firms and handling high-stakes litigation and arbitration, I felt the need to channel my experience into building a practice that reflects my values and strategic approach.
Presently, I am regularly engaged by clients and fellow advocates for representation and strategic assistance in matters before the Supreme Court of India, the High Court of Delhi, the NCLT/NCLAT, NCDRC, and Arbitral Tribunals. My practice spans a wide range of civil, commercial, and arbitration matters, with a strong emphasis on tailoring strategy to suit the forum and the nature of the dispute.
That said, the transition to independent practice came with its own set of challenges, particularly as a first-generation lawyer. Unlike those with family legacies in the profession, I did not inherit a chamber, a network, or a ready set of clients. Every brief, every introduction, every recommendation had to be earned through consistent effort and credibility.
One of the most immediate hurdles was building a reliable and cohesive team that aligned with the standards and expectations I had set. Another was gaining visibility and establishing credibility in a competitive legal ecosystem where institutional names often carry weight. Financial unpredictability, especially during the initial phase, was a very real concern.
But persistence, the trust of long standing clients, and the support of peers in the profession helped me navigate those early hurdles. Looking back, the absence of a safety net made the process harder, but it also made every milestone more meaningful.
You’ve represented various corporates and associations before the Hon’ble Supreme Court. What are some key strategic and procedural considerations when preparing matters for the Apex Court?
As an Advocate-on-Record, I am closely involved in ensuring procedural compliance at every stage, whether it is curating the record, certifying pleadings, or meeting filing timelines. The smallest procedural oversight can delay a matter or, worse, affect its prospects, so attention to detail is non-negotiable.
Strategically, it’s essential to identify and frame substantial questions of law that warrant the Court’s attention, especially when seeking special leave. The task is not just to argue well but to demonstrate why the matter deserves to be heard at the apex level. This often involves a careful study of precedents, anticipating the judicial approach, and distilling complex factual matrices into crisp legal propositions.
When representing corporates or industry bodies, an added layer of responsibility arises, ensuring that litigation strategy is aligned with their internal governance, compliance protocols, and long-term commercial outlook. In such cases, the objective is not only to secure relief but to do so in a manner that reinforces institutional credibility and legal preparedness.
Ultimately, preparation for the Supreme Court is not about volume of material, but the clarity of thought and brevity in presentation. Every word counts and every argument must serve a precise purpose.
With the rapid rise of technology including AI and digital platforms, how do you see the landscape of dispute resolution changing, particularly in the realms of IP and commercial litigation?
The rapid evolution of technology, particularly artificial intelligence, and digital platforms, is fundamentally reshaping the legal landscape. In the realms of commercial litigation and arbitration, we are already seeing an increased reliance on digital evidence, virtual hearings, and AI-enabled legal research tools.
In the context of intellectual property, technology has created both opportunities and complex challenges. Issues like digital piracy, AI-generated works, and automated infringement detection demand legal interpretations that go beyond traditional IP frameworks. The pace of innovation often outstrips legislative response, placing greater responsibility on lawyers and Courts to bridge that gap with well-reasoned, forward-looking arguments.
From a procedural standpoint, the integration of e-filing systems, hybrid hearings, and digital evidence management has significantly improved access to justice and case efficiency. These changes, initially introduced out of necessity during the pandemic, have now become institutional features, and rightly so.
Looking ahead, I believe technology will not just augment dispute resolution but redefine it. Online dispute resolution (ODR), smart contracts, and AI-assisted decision-making are likely to become more mainstream. For practitioners, this underscores the need to stay agile, continually upgrade their understanding of emerging technologies, and reimagine advocacy in a digital-first environment.
Having said that, while AI can assist in streamlining legal tasks, it cannot substitute the nuanced reasoning, ethical judgment, and strategic insight that human intelligence brings to the legal process. Law is not only about rules, it is about context, persuasion, and the ability to interpret human conduct. These are areas where human advocates remain irreplaceable. It will likely take considerable time, and fundamental shifts in legal philosophy, before AI can meaningfully replicate that depth of analysis and discretion. For Advocates today, the challenge lies in integrating new-age tools without losing the craft of advocacy.
In advising international clients, especially in technology-related matters, how do you navigate cross-border legal systems? Do you feel India’s evolving legal framework is now aligned with global standards in this space?
Advising international clients requires not just legal expertise but also cultural and regulatory sensitivity. I ensure that our advisory is aligned with both Indian legal requirements and the client’s jurisdictional obligations. This involves collaborating with foreign counsel, staying updated on global developments, and contextualizing advice for transnational operations. India’s legal framework, particularly in arbitration, data protection, fintech, and IP, is increasingly converging with global best practices, though there is room for further harmonization. With the evolving jurisprudence in arbitration law, cyber and tech law, India is on the right path to becoming a robust jurisdiction for global business.
Having handled numerous high-stakes arbitrations, what are the key challenges you’ve encountered? In your opinion, how is Alternate Dispute Resolution shaping the future of dispute resolution in India?
Arbitration, particularly in sectors like construction, infrastructure, and real estate, often brings with it layered complexities, voluminous records, overlapping issues, technical details, and multi-party coordination. One of the foremost challenges I have encountered is ensuring that the presentation of evidence remains streamlined and digestible for the arbitral tribunal, especially when dealing with expert reports, engineering documents, or financial data spanning several years.
Coordinating with technical experts, be it structural engineers, accountants, or valuation professionals, also demands careful calibration. Their inputs must be integrated in a legally coherent manner while preserving clarity. Additionally, procedural inefficiencies, such as fragmented hearings, delayed cross-examinations, or challenges in securing timely interim relief, can dilute the effectiveness of arbitration if not proactively managed.
Enforcement remains another practical concern. Winning an award is one part of the battle; ensuring its timely execution, particularly in cross-border contexts, can often test both patience and strategy.
That said, I firmly believe that Alternate Dispute Resolution is no longer just an alternative, it is becoming central to the evolution of commercial justice in India. With institutional arbitration gaining maturity, greater judicial support for party autonomy, and statutory amendments aimed at reducing timelines, ADR is now seen not only as a faster route to resolution but also as one that offers confidentiality, flexibility, and sector-specific expertise.
In my own practice, I have seen clients grow increasingly open to ADR mechanisms, not only for dispute resolution but also for pre-dispute risk management. The shift is encouraging and, in many ways, necessary for a modern, efficient legal ecosystem.
What guidance would you offer to young lawyers who aim to develop a multifaceted practice in litigation and advisory, especially in specialized areas such as intellectual property and arbitration?
Young lawyers have more access today than ever, judgments are online, mentors are more approachable, and the legal market is broader. But with this comes pressure to specialize early.
My advice is to not to rush it. Spend your first few years building a strong base helps immensely. Attend court. Observe. Take notes. I still remember sitting in the back row of a courtroom during my early days, watching a senior counsel argue a simple interim application. The way he positioned facts, paused, and responded taught me more than any classroom could. That moment stayed with me.
Do not hesitate to ask questions or seek feedback. Invest in courses, read beyond textbooks, and keep your curiosity alive. Most importantly, find mentors who do not just teach the law, but help shape how you think. I have been lucky in that regard and I try to offer the same to juniors in my chamber.
Honestly, there is no one-size-fits-all formula. But if you stay honest with your work, remain open to learning, and surround yourself with people who push you to grow, the law has a way of rewarding your efforts.
Being enrolled as an Advocate-on-Record at the Supreme Court is a significant professional milestone. How has this achievement influenced your practice, and what additional responsibilities does it entail?
Becoming an Advocate-on-Record at the Supreme Court has been one of the most defining moments of my professional journey. It has brought me honor and repute. It is both a privilege and a significant responsibility, one that has deepened my involvement in constitutional, commercial, and regulatory litigation at the highest level.
The designation has brought with it the ability to independently file and conduct matters before the Supreme Court, which naturally expands both the scope and depth of my practice. It has also instilled a heightened sense of accountability, not just to clients, but to the institution of the Court itself. Every filing under my name carries the weight of professional integrity and procedural precision.
As a first-generation practitioner, the journey to clearing the Advocate-on-Record examination and earning the trust of clients in this capacity has been particularly meaningful. The recognition has not only enhanced my standing within the legal fraternity but has also opened doors to more complex and high-stakes litigation assignments, often requiring strategic foresight, coordination with senior counsel, and deep research.
Managing a demanding legal practice, especially as an AOR, can be intense. How do you maintain personal well-being amidst professional commitments? What does unwinding and relaxation look like for you?
Managing a demanding legal practice, especially in the role of an Advocate-on-Record, requires more than just professional discipline. It calls for conscious balance, perspective, and self-care. The pace can be relentless, with high expectations and tight timelines, but I have learned over the years that sustainability in this profession depends on how well you manage your energy, not just your time.
The unwavering support of my family has been the bedrock of that balance. Their patience and encouragement, especially during peak court seasons or when critical matters are listed back-to-back, provide a sense of stability that anchors me amidst the intensity of litigation. Knowing that there is understanding and reassurance outside the courtroom makes the pressures inside it more manageable.
I also try to be deliberate about switching off. Reading, particularly outside of law, is something I turn to regularly. Even a short walk or a quiet break during the day can bring a surprising amount of clarity. Setting boundaries around work hours and consciously unplugging when possible has helped me stay mentally alert and emotionally steady.
Ultimately, it is the combined support system at home and at the workplace that sustains consistent performance and personal fulfillment in this profession.
Coming from a different academic background, what sparked your decision to pursue law as a career? How did your law school years shape your perspective on the legal profession?
To be honest, I never intended to pursue a career in law. I come from a completely non-legal background. I’m a first-generation lawyer with no one in my family, even distantly, associated with the legal profession. When I moved from Assam to Delhi, it was with the goal of preparing for the UPSC examinations. However, my father, who always believed in the value of having a professional degree, strongly encouraged me to pursue law first. At his insistence, I enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Delhi University, while simultaneously preparing for UPSC.
In the beginning, I had little understanding of how the legal system functioned or the vital role it played in shaping our democracy. That changed during my time in law school. As I started reading landmark judgments in our course materials, I began to understand the transformative role the judiciary had played in protecting rights, interpreting the Constitution, and ensuring accountability. For the first time, I saw how the law could be used to empower the weak and uphold justice against power.
This intellectual shift deepened during my internships when I visited the Supreme Court of India and the High Court of Delhi. Watching senior advocates argue passionately on behalf of their clients was a defining moment for me. It became clear to me that as a lawyer, I could make a meaningful impact.
That realisation shaped the course of my legal education. I decided early on to focus on litigation rather than corporate or in-house roles. Thus, throughout law school, I interned exclusively with practicing advocates and senior counsels to better understand the courtroom and the craft of advocacy. That foundation continues to guide my journey in the legal profession today.
After years of working with several reputed law firms, what inspired you to set up your independent practice? How has the transition been, and in what ways have your prior experiences enriched your current approach to litigation?
When I started out as a junior counsel, my senior, who primarily practiced before the High Court, assigned me matters before trial courts in Delhi. This early exposure to trial work which included arguing applications, conducting cross-examinations, and making final submissions proved invaluable. It allowed me to develop a strong foundation in procedural law. I learned how to adapt during cross-examinations, think on my feet, and refine strategy in real time. More importantly, it taught me how a case is built from the ground up, starting from when a client walks in with a set of facts and documents, to seeing it through to its conclusion.
My trial court experience shaped the way I approach litigation, even later during my years at law firms. At the firms, I worked on complex, high-value disputes and was mentored by seasoned partners. I developed a better understanding of client management, commercial awareness, and the importance of structured preparation. The exposure to varied matters and corporate clients broadened my perspective and added discipline to my practice.
As for my decision to start an independent practice, it felt like a natural progression. Most litigators, at some stage, aspire to have their own practice. Moreover, clearing the Advocate-on-Record examination served as an additional catalyst as it strengthened my resolve to build a practice in the Supreme Court alongside my existing work in other forums. The transition has been both challenging and fulfilling since it demands not just legal skill, but consistency, judgment, and the ability to run both the legal and operational aspects of practice. My prior experience has helped me maintain clarity, structure, and strategic thinking, qualities that I continue to rely on in my current practice.
In the early stages of your career, you worked with various advocates and law firms. Could you share a few pivotal experiences that significantly influenced your legal thinking and helped expand your expertise across diverse domains?
A range of matters across forums has shaped my legal thinking and approach to litigation. Working on construction and infrastructure arbitrations gave me hands-on experience in drafting pleadings, framing cross-examination strategies, and arguing before arbitral tribunals. These technically complex and document-heavy disputes helped me develop a structured, detail-oriented approach to fact-intensive cases.
In arbitration-related litigation, I have drafted and argued petitions under Sections 9, 11, and 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, dealing with issues of procedural fairness, jurisdiction, and the scope of judicial review. I have also handled cross-border disputes involving foreign parties in infrastructure and shipping disputes, which required navigating enforcement, foreign law, and complex contractual structures.
My broader civil and commercial work has included recovery suits, partition and specific performance claims, landlord–tenant disputes, defamation, banking, and insurance matters. All these experiences have enabled me to develop a forum-conscious, legally rigorous, and strategically adaptive litigation practice.
You’ve represented both Indian and foreign clients in civil matters and commercial matters ranging from salary disputes to high-value recoveries. How do you bridge the differences between the international legal system and the Indian legal system while navigating such cases?
In cross-border disputes involving foreign parties, it is important to ensure that the legal strategy is not only consistent with Indian procedural norms but also communicated in a manner that is clear, accessible, and contextually appropriate for clients unfamiliar with the Indian legal system. My central consideration in such matters is to meet domestic procedural requirements while also reflecting upon the broader commercial and contractual context from which the dispute arises. Foreign clients often approach Indian proceedings with assumptions shaped by how similar disputes are handled in their own jurisdictions, whether in terms of timelines, document disclosure, or court processes. It therefore becomes essential to bridge that gap by managing expectations and crafting a legal strategy that acknowledges those assumptions, while remaining firmly within the framework of Indian law.
You’ve been part of both ad-hoc as well as institutional arbitrations. What do you believe are the main reasons institutional arbitration has not flourished in India as it has in other jurisdictions?
Institutional arbitration in India hasn’t taken off as it has elsewhere largely because the ad hoc proceedings remain the default in commercial contracts. Many parties simply insert a bespoke arbitration clause, viewing that as more directly under their control and cost-effective. At the same time, there is limited awareness of institutional rules and best practices among contract-drafting teams. As a result, institutions seldom feature in the underlying agreements. Moreover, institutional arbitration has struggled to gain traction largely due to preferences for ad hoc proceedings, concerns around cost, and a historical lack of trust in domestic arbitral institutions. Many parties, particularly public sector bodies have opted for ad hoc mechanisms, believing them to be more flexible and cost-effective.
However, recognising these systemic hurdles, the Government in the Draft Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Bill, 2024 has made an effort to strengthen institutional arbitration. The bill proposes clearer recognition of arbitral institutions, limits judicial interference during the pendency of proceedings, introduces enforceable emergency arbitrator provisions, and empowers institutions to manage certain procedural aspects that were previously routed through courts. These reforms are a step toward creating a more credible and self-sufficient arbitral ecosystem in India, but institutional arbitration will only become the norm when users, both private and public, begin to see these changes reflected in actual practice.
With a practice spanning commercial litigation, matrimonial cases, and consumer disputes, what has been one of the most challenging or personally memorable cases you’ve worked on, and what made it stand out?
For me, every case is equally challenging and personally memorable. Once you put your name to a matter, you inevitably invest a part of your professional identity in its outcome. Since I have to mention one, I would like to speak about the first case I was independently engaged in during the very first year of my practice. The client had filed a suit for recovery of damages against a courier company for the loss of machinery in transit. The advocate representing the client had, for some reasons, missed multiple hearings and by the time I was engaged, the court had already closed the plaintiff’s right to cross-examine the defendant’s witness and listed the matter for final arguments.
At first, I considered filing an application to reopen the defendant’s evidence and recall the witness. However, upon examining the record, I figured out that nothing much was going to come out of the cross examination as the Defendant in his defence primarily relied upon a term at the back of the invoice which limited his liability to Rs. 100/-. Hence, I decided to proceed with final arguments as I had a strong case legally. The court ultimately decreed the matter in favour of my client, despite the defendant’s evidence remaining unrebutted.
You’ve worked with clients across sectors like infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, and technology. How do you keep pace with the constantly evolving regulatory landscape, and what tools or resources would you recommend to young legal professionals to stay informed and ahead of the curve?
I primarily rely on Lexology for its daily sector-specific and jurisdiction-specific newsletters, while Mondaq offers in-depth insights into emerging regulatory trends across industries. For real-time updates on Indian law, I follow Bar & Bench and LiveLaw, which provide reliable coverage of all legal developments in the country. Young legal professionals may subscribe to these resources which are largely free and develop a routine of reading beyond their immediate areas of work. Over time, this habit not only sharpens legal awareness but also builds the contextual understanding needed to advise effectively in a fast-evolving legal landscape.
Clearing the Advocate-on-Record (AOR) examination is a major milestone. What aspects of the AOR exam did you find most challenging, and what strategies did you use to prepare effectively for this prestigious qualification? Additionally, how has the AOR designation influenced your professional practice?
The most challenging aspect of the AOR exam for me was managing the subjectivity and time pressure, particularly because I opted for the handwritten mode of the exam. Having worked on the laptops for so many years, I had lost the habit of writing for extended periods, and improving my writing speed became a real challenge. In terms of strategy, I began with the papers on leading cases and professional ethics, as these required substantive reading. I made notes, knowing I might not have time closer to the exam to revisit lengthy judgments and texts. This also helped me get back into the habit of writing regularly. For the papers on practice and procedure and drafting, prior experience in the Supreme Court was definitely helpful, as I was already familiar with the format of petitions and procedural nuances. I also relied on the Supreme Court Rules, 2013 and the Supreme Court handbook on practice and procedure for the preparation. Citing relevant case law in the practice and procedure paper also added value. For the drafting paper, I focused on solving previous years’ questions within the stipulated timelines to build both accuracy and speed.
The AOR designation has long been regarded as a mark of credibility and respect within the legal community, and earning it has been both empowering and confidence-building. Since becoming an AOR, I’ve seen a shift not only in the nature of work I receive but also in who approaches me since my clients now include not just litigants, but also lawyers who are not AORs and seek assistance with filing and pursuing matters before the Supreme Court. The designation has added a level of professional trust that has meaningfully expanded both the scope and responsibility of my practice.
Finally, what guidance would you offer to law students and aspiring litigators hoping to chart a path like yours? Is there a particular mindset, skill set, or approach you believe is essential in today’s dynamic legal environment?
I find that today’s law students are far more informed and situationally aware than I was during my time in law school, which is truly encouraging. However, I also see many of them constantly under pressure, whether it’s the next moot, internship, or securing a PPO. While these things are important, I would urge them not to lose sight of the bigger picture. It’s equally important to enjoy the process, make memories, and meaningfully engage with the subjects taught in law school.
For aspiring litigators, I would add that law is a demanding field. If you don’t allow law to become a part of your life, you’ll always struggle to find the so-called work-life balance. Even the most celebrated senior advocates who have reached the very heights of success continue to work as hard, if not harder, than those just starting out. That says something about what this profession demands. Those who approach it purely as a source of income often find it difficult to sustain in the long run. I also believe that spending time in trial courts is invaluable as there is no better way to develop procedural clarity, practical judgment, and courtroom instinct. That is where a litigator truly understands how a case unfolds. Lastly, building relationships and nurturing a professional network is just as important since law is a people-centric profession, and the connections you make often shape the opportunities that come your way.
The field of law is intellectually stimulating but undoubtedly comes with its own set of challenges. What initially inspired you to pursue a career in law, and what continues to drive your passion for this profession?
During my school days, even though I was a backbencher, I was deeply committed to my studies and consistently ranked among the top five students. In 12th grade, my sole focus was to score well in the board exams. At that stage, I didn’t have the right exposure or mentorship to guide me through structured career entrances like CLAT, so I missed that opportunity. But in hindsight, I believe everything unfolded as it was meant to.
My journey into law began soon after, and it felt like a natural progression. What initially inspired me was the intellectual challenge the field presents—law requires critical thinking, structured reasoning, and a constant engagement with real-world issues. I was drawn to its power to bring order, resolve disputes, and protect rights.
What keeps me passionate today is how dynamic and impactful the profession is. No two matters are ever the same. Whether I’m drafting arguments, interpreting statutes, or strategizing for a client, there’s always something new to learn and contribute. The sense of purpose that comes from knowing my work can help individuals, shape policies, or uphold justice is incredibly fulfilling. Law constantly challenges me to grow, not just as a professional but as a person. That’s what keeps me inspired every single day.
After completing your law degree, what motivated you to pursue a Master’s in Corporate and Business Law from Gujarat National Law University? Why did you choose this particular specialization and institution?
Before pursuing my Master’s, my journey as a first-generation lawyer was rooted in curiosity and a hunger to learn through experience. With no mentors in the field, I gravitated naturally toward litigation. My first internship was under Hon’ble Mr. Justice Aniruddha P. Mayee, who was then an Advocate-on-Record at the Supreme Court and is now a sitting judge of the Gujarat High Court. Observing his sharp advocacy and structured thinking left a lasting impression on me. It was there I discovered the energy and depth of courtroom practice, and I knew litigation was my path.
Being a hands-on learner, I expressed a desire to continue training under him. He encouraged me to first build a strong foundation at the trial court level, and referred me to a boutique litigation firm in Jangpura. For nearly three years, I balanced my law school schedule with intensive training at the firm, gaining invaluable exposure to real-world practice.
Later, I decided to pursue a Master’s in Corporate and Business Law from Gujarat National Law University. Having missed the NLU experience earlier, I was determined to learn in that ecosystem. GNLU’s academic rigor and national stature gave me the perfect platform to complement my practical litigation background with a solid corporate legal framework.
In the early stages of your legal career, what were some formative experiences that deepened your understanding of the law? How significant do you believe was the role of mentors or seniors during this phase?
In the early stages of my legal career, what truly deepened my understanding of the law was being exposed to its ground-level application. Working closely at the trial court level, I learned that law is not just about theory or interpretation; it is about people, timing, and precision. I saw firsthand how a strong cross-examination or a well-crafted written submission could influence the outcome of a case. This practical immersion gave me a sense of how justice is pursued step by step.
One particularly formative experience was learning to draft under tight deadlines in live matters. I understood the value of clarity, accuracy, and urgency. No classroom could have replicated that intensity.
Mentors played a critical role during this time. Their guidance was not limited to legal advice; they taught me how to carry myself in court, how to listen, when to push, and when to hold back. Their trust in giving me real responsibilities early on helped build my confidence. Being corrected in real time and then being encouraged to do better was more valuable than any textbook. These early lessons laid the foundation not just for my knowledge of law but for how I practice and perceive it to this day.
You have represented constitutional writ petitions involving sensitive issues, such as the rights of transgender and sexual minority prisoners. What inspired you to take on such complex matters? How do you approach the legal, ethical, and emotional dimensions of cases that receive widespread media attention?
Yes, I’ve always been deeply driven by causes rooted in social justice and constitutional values. My journey into such complex and sensitive matters began in 2020, when I filed a PIL in my own name before the Delhi High Court, seeking protection of attorney-client privilege in virtual communications during the COVID-19 pandemic. The court issued directions to the Bar Council of India, following which the BCI requested the government to specify secure apps for confidential communications. That experience showed me how a focused legal intervention can protect fundamental rights, even in emerging digital contexts.
Shortly after, I was approached by a legal correspondent who brought to my attention a disturbing gap, the complete absence of data regarding transgender in the NCRB’s prison statistics. This struck a chord with me. I filed another PIL arguing that in a system where transgender persons are neither acknowledged on paper nor provided with basic facilities in jails, their dignity and identity are systematically denied. I sought urgent judicial intervention to include “third gender” as a separate category in national prison statistics.
The Hon’ble Court took serious note, and the Union Government committed to including transgender persons in future jail data reporting.
Cases like these require more than legal knowledge, they demand empathy, courage, and a strong ethical compass. I approach such matters with humility and responsibility, knowing that they affect real lives and attract public scrutiny. My role is not only to argue persuasively but to uphold the dignity of those whose voices often go unheard. Media attention never distracts me, it reminds me of the greater duty I carry as a lawyer committed to constitutional values and human dignity.
After working with various Advocates-on-Record and Senior Advocates, what led you to establish your own independent practice? What were some of the initial hurdles you encountered, and how did you navigate those challenges?
I was fortunate to work under some of the finest legal minds in the profession, who not only sharpened my understanding of the law but also instilled in me the discipline, ethics, and confidence essential for courtroom practice. The exposure I received, whether through detailed research, complex drafting, or closely observing strategic litigation, made me realize the kind of advocate I aspired to become.
Eventually, I felt the urge to take ownership of my own matters and arguments. I believed that building an independent practice would allow me to grow beyond execution and step into strategic thinking, decision-making, and direct client advocacy. It was not an easy transition.
One of the biggest hurdles was earning the trust of clients without the backing of a senior’s name. I had to prove my capability in every brief and every appearance. There were also financial uncertainties and administrative pressures that come with running your own practice. But I overcame them through consistency, networking, and staying deeply committed to every matter I took up, big or small.
The challenges were many, but the sense of professional growth and personal fulfillment that comes with independence has made the journey deeply rewarding.
As an AOR you represent both private and government clients, particularly in matters under the Electricity Act. What are some recurring legal or procedural challenges you face in this domain?
As destiny would have it, my exposure to electricity and regulatory law began early in my career at one of the offices I worked in, where I had the opportunity to assist on matters for a panel representing electricity distribution companies before the Delhi High Court. That experience sparked a genuine interest in the regulatory framework under the Electricity Act. I gradually took on more responsibilities, working closely on drafting, strategy, and regulatory filings. Recognizing my growing familiarity and aptitude for the subject, the panel encouraged me to formally associate and handle matters independently. That marked the beginning of my journey in this specialized field.
Electricity law is a unique blend of legal, technical, and regulatory dimensions. One recurring challenge is navigating the procedural overlaps between forums such as the State Commissions, the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission, and Appellate Tribunal. Each has its own timelines, jurisdictional nuances, and compliance obligations. Another frequent hurdle is the technical complexity of issues, including tariff computations, grid code compliance, and power purchase agreements, which often require a detailed understanding of engineering and finance concepts.
To overcome this, I make it a point to engage regularly with technical experts and stay updated on evolving regulatory guidelines and judicial precedents. Whether I represent government utilities or private players, I approach each matter by balancing legal strategy with technical clarity. This intersectional understanding is what helps deliver real value to clients in this challenging yet intellectually rewarding area of law.
What has been one of the most challenging cases you’ve handled so far? Could you share insights into how you prepared for it and managed its complexities?
There have been several challenging cases in my journey, and each one, whether a high-stakes regulatory dispute or a sensitive constitutional matter, has tested my legal acumen in different ways. What I’ve learned is that no case is “simple” once you delve into its details. Every matter demands thorough preparation, a clear strategy, and a deep understanding of both law and facts.
I approach complex cases by breaking them down systematically, starting with exhaustive legal research, understanding procedural nuances, and aligning the facts with the most persuasive legal framework. Often, the real challenge lies in navigating unpredictability, whether it is evolving judicial trends, stakeholder expectations, or tight timelines.
Support from peers and mentors, along with constant self-discipline, has been critical. I believe the ability to remain calm under pressure, think logically, and communicate clearly both inside and outside court is what ultimately helps turn legal complexities into opportunities for impactful advocacy.
What advice would you offer to young lawyers starting their careers? Are there specific habits, mindsets, or resources that played a key role in shaping your professional journey?
My advice to young lawyers, especially those stepping into litigation, is to embrace patience and perseverance. This profession doesn’t offer immediate rewards but it promises lasting growth for those who are committed. In the early years, it’s easy to feel disheartened when you see peers in other fields earning more or progressing faster. But law, particularly litigation, is a long game. The knowledge, credibility, and client trust you build over time compound into something far more meaningful than just a paycheck.
One habit that shaped my journey was showing up consistently, even when the work felt repetitive or unrewarded. Staying curious, reading beyond case files, and learning from seniors helped me sharpen both my understanding of the law and the courtroom. I also found it crucial to remain humble. This field rewards those who are open to learning every day.
Litigation tests your character before it builds your career. But if you remain focused, disciplined, and honest in your work, the profession will eventually give you more than you imagined. There’s no shortcut, only the steady climb. And that’s what makes every milestone worth it.
Being an AOR and balancing a demanding legal practice with personal life can be challenging. How do you manage your professional responsibilities while also making time for yourself? What do you do to unwind and stay focused?
Balancing a demanding legal practice as an Advocate-on-Record with personal life certainly has its challenges, but I’ve come to believe that balance isn’t about doing everything; it’s about doing what truly matters with focus and intention. I’ve learned to manage my schedule by prioritizing what needs my attention most and creating small pockets of time for myself, no matter how busy the day is.
To unwind, I rely on simple but grounding routines: spending time with loved ones, going for long walks, and staying physically active. I also make it a point to disconnect from screens and step away from work conversations when I’m off duty. That break, however brief, allows me to return to work sharper and more focused.
For me, it’s not about achieving a perfect work-life balance every day, but about being present in whatever I’m doing, whether I’m in court or at the dinner table. That mindset keeps me centered. Over time, I’ve realized that sustaining a successful legal career isn’t just about how hard you work; it’s also about how well you care for your own well-being along the way.
Your academic trajectory from B.Com (Hons.) to Law, Company Secretaryship, and an M.Com reflects a strong interdisciplinary foundation. What inspired you to pursue both law and the CS qualification simultaneously, and in what ways has this combination given you an edge in advising clients on matters of corporate governance, regulatory compliance, and financial structuring?
From the very beginning, I was drawn to the intersection of law, commerce, and corporate governance. Pursuing Company Secretaryship alongside my legal studies was a conscious decision as it allowed me to build a foundation that wasn’t just legally sound, but also rooted in financial and regulatory nuances. This interdisciplinary approach has been extremely helpful, especially in matters involving corporate litigation, insolvency, and compliance. Clients often benefit when legal advice is well-integrated with an understanding of statutory filings, boardroom dynamics, and financial frameworks. I’ve also noticed that having both an LLB and CS qualification adds to my credibility in the eyes of clients. They feel more assured that their legal matters are being handled with a broader understanding of business and compliance.
During your time with Advocate-on-Record Abhinav Shrivastava, you worked on several significant matters, including cases involving medical negligence, public infrastructure, and high-stakes regulatory disputes. Which of these experiences had the greatest influence on your legal mindset or courtroom confidence, and why?
Each case taught me something unique, but one that stands out was the medical negligence matter which ultimately led the Delhi High Court to direct the Medical Council of India to frame sentencing guidelines against doctors. The case was layered with complex medical facts and touched deeply on issues of public interest and human emotion. Working under the guidance of Mr. Abhinav Shrivastava in this matter was instrumental. He gave me the opportunity to argue before the Supreme Court in the very first year of practise. His clarity of thought, meticulous approach to drafting, and strategic vision shaped how I began to understand litigation at a deeper level. Observing how he navigated the matter and collaborated with senior counsel not only sharpened my legal thinking but also instilled in me the confidence and discipline required in court, something no textbook alone can provide.
You also contributed to the due diligence process for a major international brand like Burger King. How did this corporate compliance role differ from your litigation work, and what insights did you gain into global business operations and cross-border regulatory frameworks through that engagement?
That engagement was eye-opening. While litigation often focuses on resolving disputes, due diligence work is more about anticipating and mitigating future risks. Working at Burger King allowed me to see the meticulous backend of corporate transactions: compliance checks, property evaluations, and regulatory assessments. It gave me a global perspective on how multinationals approach legal risk and localization, which I now carry into advising Indian startups.
Since embarking on your independent practice and founding Maximus Legal , you’ve handled a wide variety of matters before bodies like the NGT, NCLT, and the Supreme Court. What have been the most significant challenges and turning points during this journey? What initially motivated you to take the leap and establish your own firm?
Starting my own firm was less about ambition and more about purpose. I wanted to build a practice rooted in accessibility, integrity, and multidimensional legal service. The biggest challenge was transitioning from being an associate to becoming a first point of contact for clients. The turning point came when I successfully argued for a client in a habeas corpus matter involving child custody, a deeply sensitive issue that reaffirmed my decision to take this path. Founding Maximus Legal has allowed me to offer end-to-end solutions across practice areas, with a team that shares this commitment.
Your experience spans a wide legal spectrum from consumer protection and matrimonial cases to environmental litigation and complex insolvency proceedings. Could you share one particularly challenging case that tested your legal acumen or professional resilience?
One of the most challenging cases was representing a group of industries before the NGT, Principal Bench regarding the air quality of my hometown Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab. Balancing environmental concerns with the economic realities of industrial stakeholders required not just legal knowledge, but nuanced negotiation and strategy. The matter demanded extensive groundwork, collaboration with technical experts, and the ability to argue for sustainable solutions. It was a test of endurance, but also of finding balance in public interest litigation.
Having facilitated over 50 trademark and 25 copyright registrations including international filings you’ve built a solid IP practice. In your experience, what are the most common hurdles startups and individuals face during the IP registration process, and how can these be effectively addressed from a legal strategy perspective?
Many startups underestimate the value of early IP protection. The most common hurdles include inadequate documentation, lack of awareness about global classifications, and conflicts with existing trademarks. I believe the solution lies in proactive education. At Maximus Legal, we guide clients from day one, not just in registration, but in building an enforceable brand identity. International filings also require understanding treaty frameworks like the Madrid Protocol, which many startups overlook. Strategic foresight, coupled with clear documentation, can save significant time and costs down the line.
Now leading your litigation practice and having cleared the Advocate-on-Record exam, what guidance would you offer to young lawyers hoping to build a career path similar to
yours? What specific skills, values, or tools have proven vital to your growth and long-term success?
The most valuable skill is consistency, whether in drafting, client communication, or court appearances. Young lawyers often look for shortcuts, but the law rewards diligence and depth. I would also stress the importance of mentorship, both formal and informal. Working under experienced professionals taught me discipline and nuance. Tools like legal research databases, structured daily schedules, and clear documentation habits have helped me immensely. Above all, maintaining integrity, doing the right thing even when no one is watching, has been a guiding value.
Could you walk us through your experience of preparing for and clearing the Advocate on-Record examination? How has achieving AOR status influenced your professional standing and the scope of your legal practice?
Preparing for the AOR exam was rigorous. It required not just legal knowledge but also the ability to think practically under pressure. I had to revisit core procedural law, refine my drafting, and understand the unique ethos of Supreme Court practice. Clearing the exam has been a milestone. It has enhanced client trust and opened doors to file directly before the apex court. Interestingly, I’ve noticed that people look at you a little differently when they hear you’re an Advocate-on-Record, it carries a sense of credibility and seriousness in the legal community. More than anything, it’s a personal reminder that persistence and preparation truly pay off.
High-stakes litigation is often intense and time-consuming. How do you maintain balance between the demands of your profession and your personal life? Has your approach to well being, stress management, or time allocation evolved throughout your career?
Yes, it has evolved a lot. In the early days, I was constantly on edge, running from court to office and barely taking time off. Over time, I realized that burnout doesn’t serve anyone. I now prioritize structured schedules, take short breaks, and occasionally unplug completely to reset. Being in court almost every day is demanding, but creating boundaries and nurturing personal interests, like travel or spending time with family, keeps me grounded.
Sir, your journey is truly inspiring. After completing a B.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering, you made a noteworthy shift to the field of law. What inspired this transition?
I finished schooling from Delhi Public School, R.K. Puram in 1999. At that point I had an offer for a B-Tech degree in Computer Science & Engineering from GGSIP University in New Delhi. Not being very clear about where I wanted to be in the long term, I decided to take up the offer and figure things out with work and life experience. Various opportunities came my way after graduation of which the most noteworthy was a startup called Montalvo Systems with offices in Bengaluru and Silicon Valley, California. This company was acquired by SUN Microsystems in 2008. The feeling of being a bird of passage in engineering came to a head for me at that point in time. I was not feeling very keen on repeating the technology cycle all over again. I joined Nvidia in Bengaluru and while working there started thinking from first principles about a long-term career best suited to my interests and inclinations. This process culminated in my returning to Delhi and joining Campus Law Centre, Delhi University for an LLB degree.
In school I rather enjoyed languages and the acts of reading, writing, and argumentation. It was a delightful and easy-going kind of engagement with the use of language; and it never occurred to me that it could be the basis for any full-fledged career. It was like breathing. It is only after work experience and self-examination that I let these instincts guide me to law as my long-term career. The peace of mind that comes from working alongside, and not too far away from your natural inclinations, is priceless and an abundant source of mental energy.
How has your engineering background continued to inform or benefit your legal practice? How has your technical education influenced the way you approach complex cases before the Intellectual Property Division and Commercial Courts of the Delhi High Court?
A technical degree in a subject like Computer Science or Electronics can enable one to appreciate and analyze a technical system in its entirety: from the top-level algorithm, to the software that implements the algorithm, through the hardware that executes the software, down to the circuits which constitute the hardware, and even the underlying semiconductor materials on which the circuits are etched.
As a lawyer one can then pause at the required depth in this chain, depending upon the requirements of the case at hand, and synthesize and elucidate the matter in appropriate legal terms to assist the court in reaching a decision. Ultimately technology lawyering is a synthesis of the science of understanding and the art of communicating.
Further, the general analytical rigour typically imbibed in the study of engineering and technology also seems to carry over naturally to law where precise and accurate analysis of legal and factual propositions is of value.
In the initial stages of your legal career, you must have encountered a variety of formative experiences. Could you share a few experiences that deepened your understanding of the law and shaped your approach?
After LLB., I had the opportunity to work in the chambers of a very experienced and encouraging lawyer at the Tis Hazari courts. Thereafter I joined a law firm and came to the High Court of Delhi and practised primarily in IPR and media law related matters. In 2017 I moved out from the firm and helped set up a new law firm with some of my friends and colleagues from Bengaluru and Chennai —this was the genesis of my Supreme Court practice. I was appointed an Advocate-on-Record by the Supreme Court in 2020. Presently I work as an independent chamber counsel engaged by clients, lawyers, and law firms for their matters at the Supreme Court, High Court of Delhi, and the NCLT/NCLAT.
Working in the trial courts as a fresh graduate, I recall, gave a feeling of both empowerment and emancipation: empowerment in terms of getting hands-on experience in practice, and emancipation in terms of a mindset shift that with due effort one could learn and practise any branch of the law in any forum available. I therefore usually recommend experiencing the trial courts to law students and lawyers starting out in the profession.
Another formative experience was listening to other matters being argued in court while I waited for my own matter to be called. This was an easily accessible and enriching source of learning, and it improved my approach to the drafting of pleadings (it was sobering to see experienced lawyers sometimes being put on the spot by the judge for not having impleaded necessary parties, or not having pleaded the cause of action properly, jurisdiction etc.). It also taught me about speaking more, speaking less, and speaking to the point in court. I still like to listen to the back-and-forth between the bench and the bar while waiting for my matters.
What motivated you to take the leap and establish your own legal practice? What were some of the significant challenges you encountered while building your Supreme Court practice, and how did your long-term vision help you navigate the journey particularly leading up to becoming an Advocate-on-Record?
It was clear to me during LLB. that I wanted to have an independent chamber practice in due course. I was fortunate in getting the work experience and the work opportunities (which sometimes came through sheer happenstance) that enabled me to eventually graduate, as it were, into chamber practice.
It also helps to keep in touch with colleagues from the various High Courts who may call upon one for assistance with their appeals to the Supreme Court. Practising in New Delhi provides one the opportunity of being of service to lawyer colleagues from across the country.
As a salutary reminder of the role of time and chance, along with human effort, I have this quote from Ecclesiastes written in my personal notebook of quotations:
“I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.”
On a lighter note, some practice of writing with pen on paper helps in surviving the Advocate-on-Record examination. I had numb fingers by the end of each three-hours long paper!
Which are some of the areas of law where you have had an opportunity to make a contribution to the evolution of jurisprudence through the matters you have handled so far?
My practice has been primarily in commercial litigation, involving: appeals to the Supreme Court from the various High Courts; suits and petitions before the IP Division and the Commercial division of the High Court of Delhi; IBC and Company law matters before the NCLT/NCLAT (New Delhi).
Accordingly, some of the reported judgements that come to mind also pertain to these areas of law.
The High Court of Delhi decided a trademark matter where interpretation of the prior-use defence under S.34 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 was at issue. The court explained the operation of S.34 and laid down elaborate tests for the applicability of the section in trademark disputes.
In another commercial suit, the High Court of Delhi elaborated the law on the intersection of a counter-claim under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 with the provision for moratorium under S.14 of the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016.
The Supreme Court in an appeal from NCLAT, New Delhi under the Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016 clarified the law that when a large number of invoices are unpaid by the corporate-debtor, and some of these invoices are older than three years, then the whole claim under S.9 cannot be dismissed as time-barred so long as the invoices that are within limitation together constitute the threshold amount for initiating insolvency resolution.
A matter, somewhat atypical to my usual practice, was recently decided by the Supreme Court. The matter pertained to retrospective appointment of candidates as medical officers in the State of Karnataka. The court dismissed the appeal filed by the State of Karnataka against such retrospective appointments. I had the opportunity to address arguments as Advocate-on-Record and lead counsel for the respondent.
There are various ongoing matters where interesting points of law are at issue, and where I am looking forward to the eventual pronouncements. It is one of the privileges of being a litigation counsel to have the opportunity to contribute directly to the evolution of the law through arguments addressed in court.
What advice would you offer to budding lawyers, especially those looking to transition into the legal field from other professions? Are there specific resources or skills you would recommend they focus on to successfully make this shift?
Law has traditionally been open to and accepting of graduates from many fields through the three-year LLB. courses. This is reflective of the importance that the field of law has placed upon different streams of knowledge and experience.
It was only after the introduction of five-year integrated LLB. degrees that interested students had the opportunity to join a law college directly after school. I understand that one of the most reputable of such colleges offering five-year courses now also offers a three-year LLB. course open to graduates from various fields. This seems to me to mark the coming of a full circle in legal education.
The decision to transition into law ultimately is a personal decision driven by the individual’s aspirations and motivations. A thorough self-examination is necessary to determine these motivations and aspirations. As the Oracle of Delphi says: Know Thyself.
In terms of studying the law and then practising it, I only remind the interested of the three-step classical formula which, in my subjective opinion, leads to good outcomes: 1) attentive reading, 2) careful reasoning, and 3) lucid communication —both written and oral.
Litigation can be mentally and emotionally taxing. How has your long-standing involvement in martial arts, particularly its focus on discipline and mental resilience, helped you maintain balance, composure, and clarity under pressure in your professional life?
I have trained actively and intensively in the martial arts from the age of eight. I hold a black-belt in Karate, and used to teach pro bono in self-defence workshops during halcyon undergraduate days, and also later, when finding free time used to be easier. More than delivering blows it is a particular kind of mental resilience that comes from the practice of martial arts that I encourage people to explore. I have personally found it beneficial in many aspects of life.
Sports generally seem to have a good effect on building discipline and mental resilience. Hobbies too are a great source of engagement, entertainment, and the occasional succour when circumstances may seem too much. In due course everything passes, and it is largely about staying busy and positive in the meantime!
Having built a successful legal career and currently being an AOR, what initially inspired you to pursue law? Was there a defining moment that confirmed your decision to embark on this profession? Additionally, how did your experience at Symbiosis Law School Pune contribute to shaping your legal journey?
Honestly, law was not my first choice. I initially wanted to join the army as I was into sports and athletics. However, nobody in my family has been in the forces and everyone I had or looked up to was a professional working in different areas. My parents are entrepreneurs and my elder brother had already chosen IT and Engineering sector, which was considered very rewarding then. I had the option of wanting to do something different and got all the support from my family. By class 12th I ended up eliminating the army option. I had narrowed down my choices to business administration or law. Back in 2011 law was still a lesser-known option for students and there was some novelty in the prospects of joining a law school. At that time, I was lucky because one of my cousins had joined RGNUL, Patiala in 2009, and I also got some very positive feedback from him regarding the subjects for the course. Few of my very good friends had also started their preparation for law entrance in class 11 and an interaction with them, and looking at the past law school entrance test papers interested me enough to sit for these exams. I ended up writing a couple of these exams and joined Symbiosis Law School, Pune, which was the best decision I ever made. Symbiosis played an instrumental role in shaping my journey. The kind of exposure I got there by interacting with people from different backgrounds, participating in moot court competitions and other extracurriculars really helped me grow both personally and professionally.
As you began your legal career, what were some of the key learning experiences that shaped your path? Starting as an Associate with a litigation office, what were the pivotal moments and challenges that were faced by you?
Despite my urge to sound positive and encouraging, I must admit that the initial years were quite tough. As a first-generation lawyer in a new city, everything felt overwhelming—getting nervous before every matter, second-guessing my drafts, worrying about whether my seniors would approve, etc. But I was lucky to have some great mentors who have been very supportive and have led by example to instill in me the values and importance of consistent hard work, developing an eye for detail and being clear in thought and words.
After transitioning to another firm and handling a variety of cases, including landmark Supreme Court cases for homebuyers, could you share your experiences from these cases? Specifically, what challenges did you face while representing homebuyers, and how did the judgment/order, particularly regarding the definition of homebuyers as ‘financial creditors’ under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, affect their rights?
After working for almost a year at the office of a Senior Advocate, I moved to PSP Legal in 2017, where my legal career really picked up pace. At PSP we handled a lot of cases for aggrieved homebuyers across the NCR region. When I had joined in 2017, the prevalent option with the homebuyers was to go under the consumer protection regime. However, the process had its own limitations where although the homebuyers were successful in obtaining decisions in their favour, yet there were constraints in having them executed against the real estate entities. Needless to say, we faced tremendous opposition from the real estate players to refuse enforcement, often citing poor financial health of the sector as a whole.
We had also explored other legal remedies where criminal proceedings were also initiated on behalf of the homebuyers against a few promoters of the real estate entities for their criminal actions where all monies of the homebuyers had been siphoned off for their personal gain.
The laws around insolvency and its application to the real estate sector were still evolving at that time. However, we took charge and had initiated IBC proceedings against several established real estate players. Again, there was severe resistance against these actions, and the proceedings were dragged across several forums (NCLT, NCLAT, Delhi High Court and Supreme Court) in a relatively small amount of time, and we were fortunate to represent the homebuyer interests in all these proceedings.
The big breakthrough came when the Supreme Court confirmed that homebuyers are financial creditors under the IBC, in Pioneer Urban Land and Infrastructure Limited & Anr. v. Union of India &Ors. (2019). In this case we faced an initial setback as the Supreme Court had stayed all NCLT proceedings under IBC against the real estate builders initiated by the homebuyers. Finally, this judgment came as a big relief for the homebuyers and the homebuyers were confident in initiating similar proceedings across the country.
The whole journey (which is still ongoing), involving working non-stop in preparation for days, has been very rewarding. The cause of the homebuyers has become something very close to my heart, as some of our clients had put in their entire life savings and were left with nothing—not even legal clarity on how to fight back. To play a small part in their betterment, and in the development of the law was very satisfying. These cases also put a spotlight on PSP’s practice in this niche area of law.
With your extensive experience in both arbitration and real estate law, how do you foresee the future of these areas evolving, especially considering the continuous changes in regulations and legal developments?
In real estate law, there is still a lot of uncertainty especially with conflicting court rulings on similar issues. Whether it is RERA or the Consumer Protection Act, we also have to deal with situations where there are overlapping remedies under different legislations, and it becomes an important factor for advising on solutions to a particular legal problem. However, considering that the legal framework in the sector, especially under RERA, is still nascent, we are hopeful that critical issues (like construction of stalled projects, issues with banks disbursing loan amount directly to the builder without any due diligence and enforcement of the orders/directions) would be ironed out soon.
Arbitration has a lot of potential, but it is still expensive and not as efficient as it was designed to be. There is a lot of talk about India becoming a global arbitration hub, but we have got some ground to cover in terms of legal reforms and meeting the practical challenges.
Another big challenge is enforcement/execution of decisions, which is native to both real estate law and arbitration. Even after you win a case, enjoying the fruits of the decision can take years. The Supreme Court’s judgment in Periyammal (Dead) Through Lrs & Ors. v. V. Rajamani & Anr. Etc. (2025) is a step in the right direction as it has brought much needed reform and accountability in how lower courts/tribunals handle execution matters. However, how these directions are carried out into actions by the executing courts (especially in the face of shortage of judges and court staff, and judicial pendency) is something which we must look out for.
Becoming an AOR is a significant achievement. What motivated you to take the exam, and what steps did you take to prepare and succeed? How has becoming an AOR enriched your legal practice?
The AoR exam and the system of representation only through AoRs has a reputation of its own—and rightly so. I found the exam to be tough, mostly because you need to know the procedural aspects of law inside out, and it requires you to write longhand answers, which we are not used to any more after college.
What pushed me was the desire to have a separate identity at the Bar. As a first-generation lawyer, becoming an AoR felt like a major personal and professional milestone. Initially, as I was slowly getting familiar with the practice at the Supreme Court, I realized that being enrolled as an AoR would be a good value addition to my career and would give me a foothold towards perhaps setting up my own practice in the future.
The preparation for the AoR exam takes time so you must be consistent towards digesting the mandatory reading material, including study several landmark judgments which are part of the exam syllabus. However, I liked the process of preparation as it makes you pause and revisit several fundamental concepts, particularly for understanding procedural law and constitutional law principles, which are often missed out in the humdrum of day-to-day practice. It also helps in being updated with the recent developments in several topics of law.
Since qualifying, I have noticed a positive difference in how clients and colleagues perceive my work and me as a lawyer, which is very encouraging.
Can you discuss your experience of appearing and arguing before the Supreme Court in a case where the Court directed the CBI to place before it an action plan to probe the nexus between banks and real estate developers? What were the key legal challenges, and how does this ruling impact the protection of innocent homebuyers?
This litigation battle started during the pandemic in 2020, when homebuyers were facing a double-edged sword: while the builders were delaying the delivery of units on time, and the banks were also aggressively trying to recover against the home-loan amounts. The homebuyers were faced with a very peculiar situation that although the banks had disbursed more than 70% of the sanctioned loan amount directly to the real estate builders, and progress in construction of the projects was barely significant. This left the homebuyers in a situation where they do not have their homes (and often paying rent for their current accommodation) and also having to repay the EMIs of their home loans.
We first approached the Delhi High Court, which granted interim relief in early 2022 but ultimately, we lost the battle before the Delhi High Court. Later, the litigation reached the Supreme Court in 2023 after the High Court dismissed the petitions and the SC not only extended the protection but also rightly appreciated the issue and ordered the CBI to investigate the possible builder-bank nexus.
The biggest challenge was to highlight that this was not just a legal issue—it was a human one as thousands of families were suffering. Thankfully, the Court took a balanced view. It did not rush to conclusions but made it clear that if any wrongdoing is found, action would be taken against the builders and the concerned banks. For the homebuyers, this was a huge moment—they finally felt like their voices were actually heard.
With your diverse experience across various legal sectors and your practice at the Supreme Court, what advice would you give to aspiring lawyers who wish to specialize in these fields? What skills or personal traits do you believe are critical for success in the legal profession?
My biggest piece of advice would be that do not compare your journey with others. Everyone has their own pace, and there is no single “right” way to succeed in this profession. I believe that one must stay honest, work hard, and be patient. Also in the early years, try exploring different areas of law. That experience will help you figure out where your strengths and interests lie. Lastly, never stop learning—every case file, every court hearing and every client interaction teaches you something new and you should embrace it with open arms.
Throughout your distinguished career, how have you managed to maintain a healthy work-life balance? What advice would you offer to others trying to balance their professional goals with personal responsibilities?
Balancing work and life in this profession is tricky—it is easy to let work take over everything. For me, weekends and short breaks have been very important in unwinding—whether it is catching up with family, taking a short trip, or just disconnecting for a bit. Apart from all that, what keeps me motivated of late is maintaining a fit and healthy lifestyle, and now I have been an amateur long-distance runner for the past couple of years.
My advice to others would be that do not wait for a “perfect” time to take a break. Start small—an evening off, a Sunday without work, a mid-week chilling session with college friends—and build from there. Over time, it makes a big positive difference in your overall personality.
With your impressive and extensive background in law, what initially sparked your passion for pursuing a legal career? Was there a specific moment or experience that motivated your decision, or did your interest gradually evolve over time?
My passion for a legal career ignited during my early twenties, sparked by a single, transformative experience. I was working a summer job at a local nonprofit when I sat in on a community meeting where a pro bono lawyer was helping a group of tenants fight an unjust eviction. The way that lawyer wielded the law, calmly dismantling the landlord’s arguments with precision and turning a seemingly hopeless situation into a victory for those families, was nothing short of inspiring.
It hit me then: the law wasn’t just a set of rules; it was a tool to level the playing field and give a voice to those who might otherwise be silenced. I started reading everything I could about legal precedents and civil rights, and I found myself drawn to the intellectual challenge of untangling complex problems.
Law school only amplified that drive, as I discovered the satisfaction of building a case and seeing it through. Over the years, what began as a spark of admiration has matured into a deep-seated passion for using my skills to advocate, solve problems, and uphold justice—whether in the courtroom or beyond.
Given your varied internship experiences at prestigious firms, how did these formative experiences shape your legal perspective? How did they guide your eventual decision to specialize in arbitration and energy law, which have become key pillars of your practice?
My internships at prestigious law firms provided a robust foundation for my legal perspective and career trajectory. V. Shekhar Mohan, a distinguished Senior Advocate, was the first in this fraternity to guide me when I was in my first year, mentoring me throughout my five years of college during my internship with him; tragically, his passing during COVID-19 was a profound loss to the legal community, where he had served as a Special Tax Counsel and amicus curiae in numerous matters before the Supreme Court.
I also interned in corporate law, where I assisted in drafting agreements and gained insight into the intricacies of business transactions—an experience that honed my analytical skills. Subsequently, I have interned at leading laws firms of India including Khaitan & Co, Amarchand Mangaldas (now Shardul Amarchand and Cyril) , Luthra & Co (Now Split into Luthra and Saraf) specializing in real estate law, where I engaged with property transactions and regulatory frameworks, deepening my appreciation for precision and detail. My most formative experience came during an internship focused on mergers and acquisitions, where I contributed to due diligence and risk assessments for large-scale corporate deals. The intellectual rigor and strategic thinking required in that environment profoundly influenced my approach to problem-solving.
Upon graduating, I joined the office of the Additional Solicitor General at the Delhi High Court, where I spent several years immersed in high-stakes litigation and advisory work. This role exposed me to complex constitutional and public policy matters, refining my advocacy skills and broadening my understanding of legal systems at the intersection of law and governance. Following this, I transitioned to private practice at leading law firms, where my focus shifted toward arbitration and the regulatory sector, particularly energy and petroleum law. My early exposure to arbitration during internships resonated with me, as I valued its efficiency and resolution-oriented nature—qualities well-suited to the corporate and M&A work I had encountered.
In the energy domain, I developed expertise in regulatory frameworks, including the operations of DISCOMs and the tariff-setting processes overseen by electricity commissions, which involve navigating intricate balances of cost, compliance, and policy. These experiences collectively shaped my specialization.
The internships instilled a versatile skill set and curiosity for complex legal challenges, while my tenure at the ASG office provided a rigorous grounding in advocacy and public law. Together, they guided me toward arbitration and energy law, which now form the cornerstones of my practice, blending practical dispute resolution with the dynamic regulatory landscape of critical industries.
Your involvement in assisting senior counsels on landmark constitutional matters and public interest litigation is truly commendable. Could you provide insights into your approach when handling high-profile constitutional cases, particularly those involving the Union of India or challenging critical policy decisions?
My approach to handling high-profile constitutional cases and public interest litigation, particularly those involving the Union of India or challenging critical policy decisions, is grounded in rigorous legal research, strategic collaboration with senior counsels, and a steadfast commitment to upholding constitutional integrity. Over the years, assisting senior counsels on landmark matters has equipped me with the tools to navigate complex legal frameworks, anticipate executive responses, and advocate effectively for justice.
One notable instance was my involvement in the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) matter concerning Bhushan Steel, where I assisted senior counsel in addressing allegations of financial misconduct involving the diversion of funds through associated companies. My role included analysing extensive financial evidence to support arguments on corporate accountability within constitutional and statutory bounds—an exercise that demanded precision under intense scrutiny.
Similarly, I contributed to arbitrations between the Government of India and other countries, where I helped interpret treaty obligations and domestic laws like the Arbitration and Conciliation Act. These cases often required ensuring India’s sovereign interests were robustly defended, drawing on precedents like White Industries to address enforcement delays, blending constitutional and international law perspectives.
I’ve also assisted in cases where procedural challenges arose, such as matters before tribunals that could not proceed due to an incomplete quorum. For instance, I worked with senior counsels on disputes where the absence of requisite tribunal members stalled adjudication, requiring us to strategize interim reliefs or push for administrative resolutions under constitutional provisions like Article 14 and 21. These experiences underscored the importance of adaptability and leveraging judicial oversight to address systemic gaps.
In another significant case, I supported senior counsel in a citizenship matter involving a Pakistani citizen visiting India. This involved dissecting the Citizenship Act alongside Article 14, balancing national security with individual rights. The Rakesh Asthana matter at the CBI was equally impactful. I assisted the ASG involving Sathish Sana Babu in the money laundering case related to the controversial meat exporter Moin Qureshi.
Currently, I’m engaged in two critical PILs. One seeks approval for regulated stem cell therapy under Article 21, where we’ve achieved a milestone with the High Court granting permission for its use in autism cases. My role involves coordinating with medical experts and advocating for a broader regulatory framework, aligning public health with constitutional rights.
The second, still pending, addresses the tragic death of a child due to alleged negligence by GNCTD hospitals and schools. We’re examining lapses in duty of care, drawing on precedents of state liability, and seeking both compensation and structural reforms—though the case remains unresolved due to ongoing proceedings.
Across these matters, my approach remains consistent: anchor arguments in constitutional doctrine, collaborate closely with seniors to refine strategy, and pursue outcomes that balance individual rights with public interest. Whether addressing Union policies, tribunal delays, or systemic negligence, I aim to ensure the law serves as a robust instrument for accountability and equitable relief.
What inspired you to take the bold step of establishing your own practice? Was there a particular vision or experience that motivated you to venture into entrepreneurship within the legal field, and how has this decision shaped your professional journey?
The decision to establish my own practice was a bold evolution, sparked by a wealth of professional experiences and the transformative guidance by the seniors I have worked with.
In my early years, Maninder Acharya, Senior Advocate, laid the bedrock of my legal journey. She instilled in me the essentials—ethical practice, thorough preparation, and professionalism—equipping me with the resilience and integrity needed to navigate the initial challenges of a legal career.
Later, it is Dama Seshadri Naidu, Senior Advocate and former judge of the High Courts of Hyderabad, Kerala, and Bombay, who inspired me to take the entrepreneurial leap into chamber practice. His mentorship elevated my capabilities, sharpening the advanced skills that now define my independent work. His influence is profound and multifaceted. A seasoned jurist turned advocate, he brought a rare blend of judicial insight and courtroom mastery to his mentorship. Having served on three High Courts, he adjudicated complex constitutional and regulatory disputes, and his return to practice as a Senior Advocate in 2021—arguing before the Supreme Court—demonstrated a fearless adaptability that he urged me to emulate.
He saw chamber practice as the ultimate test of a lawyer’s mettle, and he took it upon himself to refine my abilities to meet that standard. He sharpened my drafting skills, insisting on clarity and precision. His feedback was exacting: ‘A good lawyer argues; a great lawyer persuades,’ he’d say, pushing me to craft submissions that were not just sound but compelling.
He also honed my advocacy skills, emphasizing the art of oral argument. His tenure as a judge had given him an uncanny ability to spot weak links, and he trained me to pre-empt them. Beyond technical skills, he instilled a strategic mindset—how to read a case’s broader implications, a perspective honed from years of authoring judgments. His passion for legal education, evident in his guest lectures at judicial academies and it inspired me to deepen my own research, ensuring my arguments were rooted in robust precedent and policy. He pushed me to lead these cases independently, refining my drafts to withstand scrutiny and my arguments to drive systemic change.
Establishing my own practice was the culmination of this journey. Dama Seshadri Naidu’s vision—that a lawyer’s true strength lies in autonomy—aligned with my desire to focus on constitutional advocacy, arbitration, and regulatory reform, passions forged through energy and petroleum law work. His training empowered me to tackle the cases with expert collaboration.
This path is demanding—building a practice requires grit—but with his mentorship, it’s become a platform to effect change on my terms, reflecting the excellence he demanded.
As an Advocate on Record at the Supreme Court of India, how do you navigate complex legal issues in representing clients in arbitration and cases under the Arbitration Act? Can you share examples of particularly challenging cases that tested your legal expertise?
As a recently appointed Advocate on Record at the Supreme Court of India, I draw on years of handling matters before the apex court to navigate complex legal issues in arbitration and cases under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. My approach hinges on a deep dive into statutory frameworks, a strategic grasp of judicial restraint, and relentless preparation to represent clients effectively—whether in arbitration disputes or broader civil litigation. The Supreme Court’s nuanced oversight demands precision, and my role as an AoR amplifies my responsibility to streamline filings and argue with clarity, honed over time through challenging cases.
One case that tested my expertise was an election matter under the anti-defection law in the Tenth Schedule. Representing a party contesting a legislator’s disqualification, I grappled with interpreting ‘voluntarily giving up membership’ against merger exceptions. Another arbitration matter involved a clause drafted to exclude ‘financial defaults’ from arbitration, limiting remedies to civil courts. I argued under Section 11, citing Vidya Drolia v. Durga Trading Corporation, to sever arbitrable disputes while preserving parallel remedies—a tightrope walk of contract interpretation and jurisdiction.
An SLP against a Section 37 order under the Arbitration Act posed a steeper challenge. The appellate court had upheld an arbitral award my client deemed unconscionable, and the Supreme Court’s minimal interference narrowed my window. I crafted the plea around ‘patent illegality’ under Section 34, distilling a dense record into a focused argument, testing my ability to balance arbitration’s finality with judicial review. Contempt matters have been equally demanding, especially when my client faced direct contempt. In one instance, a senior official’s public defiance of a court order triggered suo motu proceedings. Defending required navigating the Contempt of Courts Act, securing compliance through apologies, and arguing proportionality—stretching the diplomacy and advocacy under fire. Complex property civil suits have also been a significant part of my practice, often involving intricate interpretations of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC).
Execution proceedings further complicate matters. Enforcing arbitral awards and court decrees—whether against reluctant parties or tangled assets—often faces resistance, like in a case where a decree holder struggled to attach property due to third-party claims.
As an AoR, I now channel these lessons into tackling the Supreme Court’s exacting standards, ensuring complex issues—from arbitration to CPC-driven suits—find resolution through rigorous, client-focused advocacy.
In your experience representing DISCOMs, transmission companies, and PSUs before various courts and tribunals, what are some of the key challenges you face in interpreting and enforcing the Electricity Act, 2003? How do you ensure that your clients comply with its evolving regulations?
Key Challenges in Interpreting and Enforcing the Electricity Act, 2003
Unclear Rules and Provisions:
The Electricity Act, 2003, aims to modernize India’s power sector by encouraging competition and consumer benefits, but some of its sections—like those governing open access to transmission lines or setting tariffs—are not clearly defined. This lack of clarity often leads to disagreements between companies, regulators, and consumers, resulting in legal battles before courts or tribunals like the Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL). For example, terms like “non-discriminatory access” can be interpreted differently, creating confusion.
Frequently Changing Regulations:
The power sector is dynamic, with new rules, amendments, and policies introduced regularly by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), and the Ministry of Power. For instance, requirements like renewable purchase obligations (RPOs) or grid stability standards evolve over time. Keeping up with these updates is tough, especially when court rulings may not yet reflect the latest changes, leaving companies uncertain about compliance.
Financial Struggles of DISCOMs:
Many Distribution Companies (DISCOMs) face significant financial losses due to high operational costs, unpaid bills, and subsidies they must provide. This financial strain makes it challenging to invest in infrastructure upgrades or meet regulatory mandates under the Act, such as reducing losses or adopting new technologies. Transmission companies and PSUs also face pressure to balance profitability with public service obligations.
How Compliance is Ensured
Staying Updated with Changes:
Companies must actively monitor updates to the Electricity Act, regulatory notifications, and judicial decisions. This involves reviewing orders from CERC, SERCs, and government policies to ensure their operations align with the latest requirements.
Relying on Expert Guidance:
Legal and technical experts play a key role in interpreting complex provisions of the Act and advising on compliance. For instance, they help navigate tariff disputes or ensure adherence to open access rules, reducing the risk of penalties or legal challenges.
Training and Awareness:
Regular training programs for employees—covering topics like regulatory obligations, renewable energy targets, or consumer rights—help ensure that staff understand and implement the Act effectively. This is especially important for frontline teams dealing with customers or grid operations.
Strategic Planning and Execution:
Companies develop long-term plans to meet mandates, such as integrating renewable energy sources or reducing transmission losses. This might involve upgrading infrastructure, improving billing systems, or securing funds to address financial gaps, ensuring they comply with both the letter and spirit of the Act.
By addressing these challenges with proactive measures, DISCOMs, transmission companies, and PSUs can better navigate the complexities of the Electricity Act, 2003, and its evolving framework
You’ve represented a diverse range of clients, from builders and road contractors to energy companies. What are the most significant legal hurdles these industries face, particularly in terms of contract disputes, compensation claims, and force majeure events especially during challenging times like the pandemic?
Contract Disputes
Construction Industry (Builders and Road Contractors): Contract disputes often arise due to delays in project timelines, cost overruns, or disagreements over scope of work. For instance, builders may face conflicts with clients or subcontractors over incomplete payments or quality of materials, while road contractors deal with government agencies disputing milestones or penalties for delays. Ambiguities in contract terms—like unclear deadlines or variation clauses—frequently escalate these issues.
Energy Companies: DISCOMs, transmission firms, and PSUs often encounter disputes over power purchase agreements (PPAs), tariff adjustments, or delivery obligations. For example, a DISCOM might argue with a generator over pricing during low demand, while transmission companies face disputes with contractors over infrastructure delays. Rigid contract terms can complicate renegotiation during unforeseen events.
Compensation Claims
Construction Industry: Builders and road contractors often file compensation claims for additional costs incurred due to delays, such as extended equipment rentals or labor expenses. However, proving entitlement to compensation is tough—clients or government bodies may reject claims citing inadequate documentation or failure to mitigate losses. During the pandemic, claims surged due to halted work, but proving the extent of loss was a hurdle.
Energy Companies: Energy firms, especially DISCOMs, face compensation disputes with consumers or suppliers. For instance, consumers may demand refunds for outages, while generators seek payments for idle capacity during low demand (e.g., pandemic lockdowns). Regulatory caps on tariffs and financial distress often limit their ability to settle claims, leading to prolonged litigation.
Force Majeure Events (e.g., Pandemic)
Construction Industry: Force majeure clauses—covering events like natural disasters or pandemics—are critical but often poorly defined in contracts. During COVID-19, builders and contractors struggled to invoke these clauses to excuse delays or seek extensions, as clients argued that pandemics weren’t explicitly listed or that mitigation wasn’t attempted. Courts had to interpret whether lockdowns qualified, creating inconsistency in rulings.
Energy Companies: Energy firms faced similar challenges. For example, DISCOMs saw demand plummet during lockdowns, triggering disputes with generators over “take-or-pay” obligations in PPAs. Invoking force majeure was contentious—generators argued it didn’t apply to payment duties, while DISCOMs cited revenue losses. Regulatory interventions, like moratoriums, added complexity to enforcement.
Common Challenges Across Industries
Proving Causation and Loss: Both sectors struggle to link delays or losses directly to events like the pandemic, requiring detailed evidence (e.g., timelines, financial records) that’s often incomplete.
Cash Flow Strain: Compensation delays or disputed payments worsen financial pressures, especially for contractors and DISCOMs already operating on thin margins.
Regulatory Uncertainty: Shifting government policies—e.g., pandemic relief measures or tariff revisions—create confusion, making compliance and dispute resolution harder.
Addressing These Hurdles
Clear Contracts: Drafting precise terms for scope, timelines, and force majeure events reduces ambiguity.
Documentation: Maintaining robust records of delays, costs, and mitigation efforts strengthens claims.
Negotiation: Early dialogue with counterparties can resolve disputes before they reach courts.
Legal Expertise: Engaging specialists helps navigate complex regulations and precedents, especially during crisis.
With your vast exposure to both national and international legal practices, what advice would you offer to aspiring young legal professionals who wish to pursue complex commercial litigation, particularly in sectors like infrastructure, energy, and regulatory law?
Advice for Aspiring Legal Professionals
1. Build a Strong Foundation in Core Skills
Master Contract Law: Commercial litigation in infrastructure and energy hinges on contracts—whether it’s construction agreements, power purchase agreements (PPAs), or regulatory tariffs. Understand how to draft, interpret, and challenge contract terms, especially clauses like force majeure, liquidated damages, and termination rights.
Sharpen Research and Analysis: Cases in these sectors often involve technical details (e.g., grid stability, project delays) and evolving regulations. Develop the ability to dig into statutes like the Electricity Act, 2003, or international standards like FIDIC contracts, and connect them to case facts.
Hone Advocacy Skills: Whether before courts, arbitral tribunals, or regulators like CERC, persuasive communication—both written (pleadings) and oral (arguments)—is key. Practice clarity and precision to stand out.
2. Specialize Early, but Stay Versatile
Pick a Niche Focus on infrastructure (e.g., roads, real estate) or energy (e.g., renewables, DISCOMs) to build expertise. These sectors have unique challenges—land acquisition disputes in infrastructure or tariff battles in energy—that reward deep knowledge.
Understand Regulatory Law: Regulatory bodies (e.g., SERCs, NHAI) heavily influence these industries. Learn how they function, their rules, and how judicial review works (e.g., APTEL rulings). This sets you apart in litigation involving policy interpretation.
Adapt Internationally: Global projects often use frameworks like FIDIC or involve cross-border disputes. Familiarize yourself with arbitration under ICC or UNCITRAL rules, as infrastructure and energy cases increasingly go international.
3. Get Hands-On Experience
Work with Firms or Seniors: Join a law firm or assist a senior advocate handling commercial litigation in these sectors. Exposure to real cases—say, a road contractor’s delay claim or a DISCOM’s tariff dispute—teaches practical nuances no textbook can.
Engage with Tribunals: Shadow or clerk at forums like APTEL, NCLT, or arbitral panels. You’ll see how technical evidence (e.g., project timelines, financial losses) is argued and adjudicated.
Take on Pro Bono or Small Cases: Early in your career, handle smaller disputes (e.g., consumer energy complaints) to build confidence and courtroom experience.
4. Understand the Business Side
Learn the Industry: Litigation isn’t just about law—it’s about the client’s world. Study how infrastructure projects are financed (e.g., PPP models) or how energy markets work (e.g., renewable integration). This helps you craft arguments that align with commercial realities.
Think Beyond Winning: Clients value solutions—settlements, renegotiations—that save time and money. Develop a problem-solving mindset alongside litigation skills.
5. Stay Ahead of Trends
Track Policy Shifts: Laws and regulations evolve—think renewable energy mandates or infrastructure funding schemes. Read government notifications, industry reports, and case law updates to anticipate legal challenges.
Embrace Technology:
AI tools, e-courts, and data analysis are transforming litigation. Learn to use them for research, case management, or presenting evidence.
6. Build Resilience and Networks
Prepare for Complexity: These cases can drag on for years, involve multiple parties, and demand stamina. Cultivate patience and attention to detail—success often lies in outlasting the chaos.
Network Actively: Connect with peers, industry experts, and regulators at seminars or bar associations. Relationships open doors to mentors, clients, and insights into sector-specific disputes.
Given your extensive involvement in both procedural and strategic aspects of legal representation, how do you successfully balance the demands of appearing before high courts, tribunals, and arbitration proceedings, while also maintaining a fulfilling personal life?
1. Prioritize and Plan Strategically
Case Management:
Handling high courts, tribunals (like APTEL), and arbitration proceedings requires juggling tight deadlines and complex preparations. Prioritize tasks by urgency and impact—focus on filing deadlines or key hearings first, delegating research or drafting where possible. Use tools like case management software to track schedules across forums.
Time Blocking: Reserve specific hours for court appearances, client meetings, and strategy sessions, while carving out non-negotiable personal time—say, evenings for family or mornings for exercise. Planning ahead ensures neither sphere is neglected.
2. Leverage a Strong Support System
Professional Team: Rely on junior advocates, paralegals, or associates to handle procedural filings, initial drafts, or evidence collation. For example, while arguing a tariff dispute before a high court, delegate tribunal paperwork to the team. This frees up mental bandwidth for strategic thinking.
Personal Network: Lean on family or close friends for emotional grounding. A quick dinner with loved ones or a weekend getaway can recharge you, making it easier to return to a contentious arbitration with focus.
3. Master Efficiency Without Sacrificing Quality
Preparation Discipline: High-stakes forums demand thoroughness—whether it’s mastering a construction delay claim for an arbitration or a regulatory challenge in a tribunal. Develop a streamlined process: skim key documents first, then deep-dive into critical issues. This saves time while keeping arguments sharp.
Travel Smart: Frequent appearances across cities mean travel. Use downtime—flights or train rides—to review briefs or unwind with a podcast, blending productivity with relaxation.
4. Set Boundaries and Protect Personal Time
Say No When Needed: Decline non-essential commitments—like an extra case with a tight deadline—if it risks burnout or family time. For instance, after a grueling week at the Supreme Court, politely defer a new client pitch.
Unplug Regularly: Switch off work calls or emails during designated personal hours. A Sunday hike or movie night without interruptions can feel as rewarding as winning a case.
Take Short Trips: Whenever you get a breather—say, a long weekend or a gap between hearings—plan a short trip. A quick drive to a nearby hill station or a day by the beach can refresh you, offering a mental reset from the grind of legal battles.
5. Integrate Passion and Purpose
Find Meaning in Work: Strategic wins—like securing compensation for a road contractor or defending an energy company’s tariff—can be energizing. When work feels purposeful, it’s easier to justify the long hours and stay motivated.
Personal Fulfilment:
Pursue hobbies or causes outside law—gardening, mentoring students, or charity work. These outlets provide joy and perspective, balancing the intensity of legal battles.
6. Stay Physically and Mentally Fit
Routine Matters: Long days in court or arbitration can drain you. Exercise (even a 20-minute walk), eat well, and sleep enough to sustain energy. A sharp mind wins cases and enjoys life.
Stress Management: Techniques like meditation or journaling help process the pressure of a lost motion or a tough cross-examination, keeping you steady for both work and home.
With over 9 years of remarkable experience and as an esteemed Advocate-on-Record (AOR), what initially inspired you to pursue a career in law? What was the driving force behind your decision to choose this prestigious profession, and how has your journey evolved over time?
Well, as far as my inspiration to pursue law as a career is concerned the same may easily find its way back to my hometown, Allahabad now Prayagraj. The idea and motivation to have a career in law is mostly from the city and from my father who’s a practising Advocate in Allahabad High Court. Although, putting a caveat to the first thought coming to the mind of everyone that I might have chosen law because of my father, he actually never wanted me to be a lawyer owing to the extremely busy lifestyle of lawyers. The city of Prayagraj is famous for many reasons and one of the most popular reasons is the Allahabad High Court and it’s legendary Advocates. There are many names to mention in the list of legal luminaries who have inspired me to make a mark in this profession but I would like to make a special mention of the legend Shri Pandit Kanhaiya Lal Mishra. Shri Mishra was a celebrated lawyer of the country and was offered Hon’ble High Court Judgeship and also the prestigious Judgeship of the Hon’ble Supreme Court He also served as the Advocate General of the state of Uttar Pradesh for 17 years, irrespective of the fact as to whose government it was in the State. People like him inspired me to become a lawyer.
So far as my journey is considered, I must tell everyone’s journey in this profession might be different. Initial years for lawyers (especially the first generation lawyers) entering into litigation, money could be a serious problem but if you keep working on your skills with patience and perseverance and be true to your profession, then sooner or later you’ll manage to break even. Leaving everything that my father had built in the legal profession in Prayagraj and shifting to Delhi was frankly quite a tough decision for me and for my family as it also turned many heads around. I believe my brother trusted my conviction and supported me which boosted my confidence and my trust in my own self that I might also make a mark on my own. My personal journey is filled with a lot of ups and downs. Sometimes you give your everything to the case but you don’t get the favourable orders, many times you expect a negative order from the Court but you get relief. I think, the only aspect a lawyer should be worried about is the value he is adding in his work so as to assist the Courts in the best way. All we need is to work with patience and perseverance. And as of now, I have reached a level where my first priority is to deliver quality work and fortunately we have been delivering reliefs to our clients.
Also, I have been very fortunate in terms of the support that I have from my family, friends and my office staff.
Having had the privilege of working with renowned senior Advocates and esteemed law firms early in your career, that must have been a truly enriching experience. Could you share some key experiences from that time that significantly enhanced your legal acumen and set you on the path toward excellence?
I think that you can shape an excellent academician in a Law School but you can’t shape a good lawyer there. The future of a young lawyer depends a lot upon the offices and seniors with whom he’s associated. The initial years of practice establish the very foundation of your career.
Since I was not from any NLU, it was quite a task for us back in the days even to be considered eligible for internships. I had the opportunity to intern in the Delhi Office of JSA wherein I was exposed to the working culture of a Tier 1 Law Firm in the country and honestly, I was really impressed. I thoroughly enjoyed my time there but I also concluded that I don’t want to pursue a career there. In my personal opinion, the problem that most of the law students who come from humble backgrounds who ultimately want to become Advocates and establish their own practise is that they initially join a good law firm with an idea to leave in future but the lucrative amount of compensation which is given by the law firm never ever allows them to leave. I, being a young law student, always had one thing in mind that I will not compromise with my dream to become an advocate irrespective of the amount of compensation I might get to do something else. Initially when I came over to Delhi just after college, I interned with Sh. Ashok Kumar Sharma, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India and later on joined him as an Associate. Thereafter, I joined Sh. Romy Chacko, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India. The experience that I gained from the office of Mr. Chacko was immeasurable. Then for a short period I joined Lex Indis Law Office as an Associate. I am lucky enough to say that I still have great relationships with all the offices that I have worked with. All my mentors in the profession have helped at all steps of my life to shape me into a better lawyer and a better human being.
After gaining valuable experience with various legal entities, what motivated you to establish your own law firm? What vision did you have in mind when starting it, and were there any challenges you had to overcome during its initial phase?
It was always a dream of mine to establish my own Law Firm. When I was deciding to leave Allahabad and practise at New Delhi, I had 2 goals, one to establish my own Law Firm and the other to become an Advocate-on-Record. Fortunately, I have achieved both the professional goals that I had set for myself at that time. The primary vision to establish a law firm was to provide Clients a one roof solution to all their legal problems and to have a systematic structure of working. At our Firm also, we always try to cater all the needs of our clients.
There are a lot of problems that you face while starting your own law firm. One of the biggest tasks is to have a founding partner with whom you can see a long term professional understanding. I was fortunate to have Sh Aditya Singh as my Partner. The other problem is managing the expenses and work management. So far, I have not faced a lot of issues with respect to these and that could be because of the understanding that we Partners have. So, my advice is that if you wish to start your own Law Firm, choose your team wisely.
Your involvement in numerous cases related to minority educational institutions has been pivotal. Could you share one of the most fascinating and impactful cases you’ve handled, and how it shaped the legal landscape for such institutions?
I have handled many cases of minority educations institutions. Even currently I am representing St Stephen’s College, St Charles School, Ryan International School and a few other institutions in ongoing cases. One of the cases that I would like to share with everyone is a civil appeal with respect to appointment of Headmaster in a minority institution before the Supreme Court. In that case I truly understood the spirit of Article 30 of the Constitution of India. In that case it was held by the Hon’ble Apex Court that a Minority Institution has the right to appoint any qualified person as its head or principal ignoring merit. The awareness with respect to this position of law is not that much. Many of the institutions still struggle to claim the benefit of being a minority institution as they don’t know where to get that recognition from. The National Commission for Minority Educational Institution at New Delhi is the body where institutions can apply for a certificate to be declared as a minority educational institution be it linguistic or religious. Minority institutions enjoy autonomy in their management, particularly in decisions related to admissions, curriculum, teaching staff, and other operational matters. However, this autonomy is subject to some regulatory oversight in the interest of quality education and public welfare.
The Supreme Court has clarified that while minorities have the right to establish and administer institutions, they must not violate the rights of others, such as admitting students on discriminatory grounds or failing to meet educational standards. In T.M.A. Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2002), the Court emphasized that while minority institutions have certain rights, they must still adhere to principles of merit, fairness, and the welfare of society.
Indian competition law is evolving rapidly, especially with the growth of tech companies and ride-sharing services. Having represented clients in such high-stakes cases, could you elaborate on the key legal challenges faced and how you navigated these complex matters? Your insights into this area would be invaluable.
Indian competition law, under the Competition Act, 2002, is evolving to address the growing complexities of market dynamics, especially with the rapid rise of tech companies and ride-sharing services. This sector has experienced a significant increase in mergers, acquisitions, and market disruptions, which often challenge traditional legal frameworks. There are various legal challenges being faced in this industry like the Anti-competitive practices like predatory pricing. While I was working with Lex Indis Law Offices, we were handling the Ola, Uber and Meru’s competition case before NCLAT on behalf of the CCI, one of the issues of predatory pricing only. In my opinion Companies can navigate this by ensuring that their pricing practices do not harm the long-term viability of competition in the market. They need to demonstrate that low prices reflect efficiency or are necessary for market entry, not just predatory strategies. The other major problem is market dominance and the abuse of market dominance. With the rising teach industry in the nation, the problem of merger control and acquisitions is also becoming apparent. Especially in the ride-sharing sector, acquisitions of smaller competitors or startups are common. While mergers and acquisitions are not inherently anti-competitive, they can raise concerns if they lead to a significant reduction in competition or create a dominant player with too much market control.
As an Advocate, your involvement in landmark cases is commendable. Can you provide an overview of the P Mohanraj v. Shah Brothers case you argued before the Hon’ble Supreme Court? What were the legal principles at play, and what made this case so significant in shaping legal precedents?
I was appearing in one of the connected matters in the P Mohanraj Case before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. The question before the Supreme Court was whether any proceedings can be initiated against a Company under Section 138/141 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 (“NI Act”) for dishonoured cheques, if NCLT has already passed an order of moratorium under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (“IBC”) against the Company. As per Section 14 of the IBC, if Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (“CIRP”) is initiated against a Company, a moratorium is provided on all judicial proceedings against the Company. The Supreme Court Bench comprising Justice RF Nariman, Justice Navin Sinha and Justice KM Joseph vide its judgment dated March 1, 2021 followed the logic with respect to the object of the IBC Code, if such proceedings will cause a depletion of the assets of the corporate debtor during the CIRP process which will negatively affect the Corporate Debtor from getting back on its feet during the resolution process. The Apex court analyzed this issue from various angles and held that the proceedings under Section 138/141 of the NI Act cannot be initiated against a corporate debtor if the NCLT has already passed an order of moratorium under the IBC. The Supreme Court observed that a quasi-criminal proceeding like the one under the Section 138 of the NI Act will result in the assets of the Corporate Debtor being depleted as a result of having to pay compensation which may amount to twice the amount of the dishonoured cheque. Although, the Court did not extend the same benefit to the Directors of the Corporate Debtors. This case gave a new shape to the interplay between the NI Act and the IBC Code.
Your role as a guest lecturer at St. Thomas Law College and Asian Law College is truly admirable. How does teaching law complement your busy legal practice, and what personal fulfillment do you derive from educating the next generation of legal professionals? How do you manage to strike a balance between such a demanding career and your personal life?
I find teaching an extremely noble and satisfying job. If not a lawyer, I would have chosen to become a Teacher. I have been teaching for a very long time in different capacities. I still remember that during my college days, when I was in 3rd year, after my classes I used to teach 4th year B. Tech students at Engineering Colleges for their Campus Recruitment Training. It was an extremely satisfying experience for me during those days. Since then, in some way I have been keeping myself in touch with the academics. After joining the professions, I had the privilege of giving guest lectures at law colleges and conduct seminars for the law students. Teaching law alongside a busy legal practice can be incredibly rewarding both professionally and personally. For many legal practitioners, it offers a unique opportunity to share their experience and expertise with the next generation, while also enhancing their own understanding of the law. Teaching complements legal practice and forces you to stay sharp and up-to-date with legal concepts, theories, and developments. As a practitioner, you may not always have the time to revisit foundational topics or explore new areas in depth, but teaching requires you to stay current, reinforcing your understanding and perhaps even challenging your assumptions. This intellectual engagement can help improve your skills and contribute to your practice.It gives you the opportunity to shape future lawyers, imparting practical knowledge and ethical values that can influence their careers.
While I used to teach as a Guest Faculty, I have always focussed to teaching the students the practical aspects of law. I used to take classes on drafting and pleadings, cpc, crpc, evidence, company law, family law and property law. Even workshops in law schools really help and expose the students to the practical world of the profession. I had ventured to teach students at United University about drafting and pleadings at the Supreme Court while conducting a one day workshop.
Given your extensive experience providing legal consultancy to start-ups, what are some of the most common legal challenges faced by emerging businesses in India? How do you guide them through these challenges and ensure their long-term success in a complex regulatory landscape?
In my opinion the start-us and emerging businesses in India are facing a variety of legal challenges, particularly given the complex regulatory environment. The very inception comes with the legal hurdles like business registration and compliances, whether to register as sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability partnership (LLP), private limited company based on their objectives, funding sources, and long-term goals. Navigating through the documentation and formalities required for the registration. The protection of the Intellectual Property Rights and its infringement. Most of the Start-ups that contact us, their primary concern starts with funding and investment issues like raising capital, whether through equity, debt, or hybrid instruments, often involves legal complexities, particularly in structuring the deal, preparing shareholder agreements, and complying with regulatory filings. If the business is seeking foreign investment, it must comply with India’s FDI regulations, which can be quite specific depending on the industry. As start-ups grow and attract investors, conflicts over ownership structure, control, and profit-sharing can arise, necessitating well-structured agreements upfront. I have been advising the Start-ups to have a structured due diligence at the very start, as it helps them have stability and attract more investments. In my opinion an emerging business in India can mitigate these challenges by seeking early legal advice, creating clear business structures, staying on top of regulatory changes, and drafting well-defined contracts and agreements. Consulting with experienced legal professionals who specialize in start-up law can help avoid common pitfalls and establish a solid foundation for growth.
Your unwavering commitment to the legal profession is truly inspiring. What has been the most rewarding aspect of your legal career, and what continues to drive your passion for law? Additionally what advice would you give to the younger generation who wish to have a successful career in law?
The most rewarding aspect of my legal career has been the ability to make a tangible difference in people’s lives. Whether it’s advocating for a client in need, helping to ensure justice is served, or navigating complex legal issues, knowing that my work can have a positive impact on others is truly fulfilling.
When I look back I can certainly relate to many of the law students who believe that the profession is a lot about money and power. But I have evolved to understand that this noble profession is like an art and the most rewarding thing is the recognition that you get from the Hon’ble Judges and the senior members of the Bar. I still remember while I was arguing a case before the bench of Hon’ble Justice B R Gavai and Hon’ble Justice P S Narsimha, at the end of the hearing the Bench praised my arguments but I was in such a disbelief that I confirmed from the Court if they praised me or asked a question, resultantly they affirmed their opinion. There has been no fee that has been more rewarding than that particular recognition to me.
For younger generations interested in a career in law, I would advise them to remain persistent and curious. Law is a challenging field, but it’s also incredibly rewarding. It’s crucial to develop strong critical thinking skills, cultivate emotional intelligence to understand the people behind the cases, and always prioritize ethics and integrity in every step of your career. Networking and seeking mentorship from experienced professionals in the field can also provide invaluable guidance and opportunities for growth. Finally, I would say to never stop learning—law is dynamic, and the best lawyers are those who are always evolving.
As an Advocate-on-Record before the Supreme Court of India, with a deep understanding of procedural complexities and a strategic approach to complex tax disputes, what motivated you to pursue a career in law initially? How did your experiences at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab shape your journey?
Like many first-generation lawyers, my journey into law began more by chance or perhaps, more accurately, by a process of elimination. In school, I took Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics with the intention of joining the defence forces, particularly the Air Force. However, due to imperfect eyesight, that option was ruled out. The next conventional choice at the time was engineering, but I was certain that it was not for me. Around that time, a family friend who was studying at GNLU introduced me to CLAT. I found the course material interesting and developed an instant liking for law. At that stage, there was no deep-seated motivation but just a practical decision that I had to pursue something meaningful.
My time at Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law, Punjab, turned out to be an enriching experience. Coming from a small town with a near Hindi-medium schooling background, adjusting to law school, where extroversion is often applauded, was challenging at first. But RGNUL had an intellectually stimulating environment that instilled in me the desire to work on myself. More importantly, I had an amazing group of friends who, in their own ways, taught me valuable lessons. All of this collectively fostered my analytical skills and deepened my appreciation for the law.
One of the most impactful moments of my time at RGNUL came during our convocation, which was chaired by Justice T.S. Thakur. One of my dearest friend received three gold medals, and just like that scene in “3 Idiots”, I found myself feeling a mix of happiness for my friend and regret for not achieving the same. Then, Justice Thakur delivered a speech that, to this day, remains with me. He acknowledged that while some students had won gold medals, many had not but that did not determine success in the legal profession. He emphasized that success in law comes from following the Five Ps: Patience, Perseverance, Persistence, Passion, and Practice. It felt as if he was speaking directly to me.
That moment reinforced something I have carried throughout my career. While my initial decision to study law was incidental, my time at RGNUL cemented my passion for the field and gave me the clarity to pursue litigation. Looking back, I can say with confidence that law, whether by chance or choice, turned out to be the right path for me.
During the early stages of your career as an Associate, what key experiences stood out that deepened your legal understanding and influenced your decision to specialize in tax disputes?
My interest in tax law started during my internship at a tax litigation firm. Tax litigation has a unique mix; it allows you to work on complex corporate matters while also experiencing the thrill of courtroom advocacy. That combination intrigued me and ultimately led me to choose tax as my area of practice.
During the early years of my career as an Associate, I had my fair share of lessons, some humbling and others eye-opening. One incident, in particular, stands out. I was working on a case where I advised a client purely from memory. I have always had a strong recall, and in my overconfidence, assumed I knew the provision perfectly. I overlooked the fact that tax laws change frequently. The client later pointed out an amendment that completely changed the position I had advised on. It was a moment of realization that no matter how confident you are, never rely on memory alone. That experience taught me the importance of always verifying the law rather than depending on recollection. From that day on, I made it a habit to double-check and stay updated.
I was fortunate to start my career under the guidance of Mr. Pramod Kumar Rai and Mr. Puneet Agarwala, both of whom have been incredible mentors. Their approach toward juniors is something I try to imbibe today. They never raised their voices or scolded but always guided with firm yet encouraging clarity. One of the most valuable lessons they taught me was to always stay updated on the law, no matter how busy the day gets. Even today, my mornings begin with reading legal updates because I learned early that in tax law, staying current is non-negotiable.
Another crucial lesson I learnt was that litigation is unpredictable. You can never be too certain about what will happen in court. Early on, like many young lawyers, I sometimes assumed that a matter would be adjourned and did not prepare as thoroughly as I should have. That assumption was short-lived when, in one of my cases, I almost got a dismissal order. My senior gave me an advice that has stayed with me: “Deepak, always come to court as prepared as if you are arguing Keshavananda Bharati. So that when you ARE arguing a matter that big, you are ready.” That advice changed my mindset. From that day forward, I never walked into a courtroom unprepared, no matter how small or routine the case seemed.
I remember another incident where my senior asked me to find a judgment on a potential question that might be raised by the judge. The request came late at night, and like any junior, I was frustrated about the timing and wondered why I was working on hypothetical scenarios. Still, I burned the midnight oil and managed to find the answer. The next day in court, the very first question the judge asked was the one my senior had anticipated. Because we had the answer ready, we moved past it smoothly. That experience taught me two things: (1) litigation, at times, is like war. Be a good soldier and follow the command of your seniors, and (2) some things come only with experience. Stay humble and keep working.
Looking back, those early years were filled with invaluable lessons; some learned the hard way, others through the wisdom of my mentors. I learned that confidence must always be backed by diligence, that preparation is non-negotiable, and that every case, no matter how minor, deserves serious effort. While I entered tax litigation because of its unique mix of corporate and courtroom work, I stayed because of the intellectual challenge, the unpredictability, and the sheer excitement of the practice.
Having cleared the AOR exam on your first attempt, what challenges did you face during your preparation, and how has earning the AOR title impacted your practice and professional growth?
When preparing for the AOR exam, the biggest challenge is time management. Most advocates taking this exam are full-time practitioners, managing court appearances, client meetings, and drafting work daily. Finding the time to sit down and study consistently is easier said than done.
In my view, the AOR exam does not fall into the category of being extremely difficult. The concepts are straightforward, but the real challenge lies in the sheer volume of material that needs to be covered. The questions are not the kind that one encounters in daily practice, so prior experience alone is not enough. There are no shortcuts. You have to go through the prescribed material, cover to cover.
Another challenge is structuring answers effectively. The questions in the AOR exam are often lengthy, yet the time to answer them is limited. In litigation, we are used to explaining arguments in detail, but in this exam, brevity is the key. Answers need to be crisp, precise, and well-structured, striking a balance between conciseness and completeness.
But perhaps the most underrated challenge is ‘writing’ the exam itself. We have become so accustomed to typing on laptops and dictating drafts that writing for hours at a stretch feels almost unnatural. The AOR exam requires handwritten answers, and I remember struggling with writing speed and endurance. I even had to practice writing answers just to get my hand used to it again.
Clearing the AOR exam was a significant milestone. It wasn’t just about earning the title but because of the journey. The process of preparing for it deepened my understanding of procedural law and reinforced the importance of consistency. It has allowed me to take greater responsibility in Supreme Court matters and strengthened my credibility as a litigator. The efforts it took to clear the exam was worth it, and the experience has helped me grow in the profession.
Given the demanding nature of your profession, what methods do you employ to unwind and strike a healthy balance between your professional duties and personal interests?
The practice of law, especially in the field of tax litigation, is undoubtedly demanding. My work takes me to the Supreme Court, High Courts, and Tribunals, often involving travel to different cities. The long hours and unpredictable schedules can be exhausting, but I genuinely love what I do. At the same time, I also recognize that longevity in this profession comes from accepting that you are not a machine. Law as a profession requires your undivided attention. No human being can be attentive all the time and if you are burnt out, in a way you are doing disservice to your client. So, learning when to pause and step back is much needed, which is of course easier said than done in our profession.
Work-life balance is highly subjective. For me, unwinding is not about carving out large chunks of time. It varies from reading to watching a movie or playing on PlayStation or simply just relaxing with the family. Recently, it has been my two-year-old son who eagerly waits for me to come home and play with him. Those moments are priceless, and no matter how hectic the day has been, I make sure to come back home and play with him. Also, the travel, though often work-related, also becomes an opportunity to explore new places, even if just briefly, which helps in breaking the monotony.
What are some of the most common tax-related challenges that businesses and entities typically encounter, and what proactive strategies or best practices can they implement to minimize or avoid these issues?
In my experience I have seen that: department rarely accepts a tax position without questioning it. In most cases, the authorities argue that the company has suppressed facts, misrepresented details, or acted fraudulently, even when the issue is merely a difference in interpretation. This often turns a straightforward tax position into a protracted legal battle.
At the same time, I’ve also seen companies take tax positions that are legally untenable by relying on interpretations that have already been rejected by courts or positions that are directly contrary to statutory provisions. What’s surprising is that many of these decisions stem from well-meaning but flawed sources such as random internet searches, AI-driven answers, or informal advice from non-experts. While technology has made information more accessible, it has also made misinformation more widespread. A company’s tax strategy should never be based on a ChatGPT response or a Google search alone as it needs professional scrutiny.
To minimize these challenges, businesses should adopt a proactive approach. Some examples would be:
Regular tax reviews and audits: Companies should periodically review their tax positions with professionals to ensure compliance with evolving laws and precedents. Instead of relying solely on online sources, businesses should consult experienced tax advisors who can provide tailored, legally sound guidance.
Document everything: A well-documented tax position, backed by legal provisions, case laws, and expert opinions, strengthens a company’s defense in case of a dispute. Further, intimate the tax position to the Department so that they cannot allege suppression of facts.
Stay updated on legal developments: Tax laws are constantly evolving, and staying informed through professional updates, industry discussions, and expert opinions is crucial.
Tax disputes are inevitable in business, but a well-informed, strategic approach can significantly reduce litigation risks and ensure compliance while optimizing tax positions effectively.
With the continuous evolution of tax regulations, how do you see the future of tax law shaping up? What advice would you offer to aspiring lawyers interested in tax litigation, and could you recommend any resources to help them stay updated on the latest developments in the field?
Tax law is evolving rapidly, and while the Government is making an effort to create business-friendly policies and curb unnecessary litigation, anyone who has dealt with the tax department knows that tax disputes are far from over. The tax department, by its very nature, is litigation driven. No matter how much simplification is introduced, the nature of taxation itself ensures that litigation will always be a part of the system.
For anyone looking to build a career in tax litigation, one thing is non-negotiable i.e. you must stay updated. Tax law is not static. It is shaped by frequent amendments, evolving judicial interpretations, and shifting departmental positions. The best way to develop expertise in GST or indirect taxes is to go back to the roots by reading landmark judgments under Excise, Service Tax, VAT, and CST. Many of the key issues under GST today are not entirely new and have their roots in Excise, Service Tax, VAT, and CST because GST is essentially a conglomerate of these laws. A strong foundation in these older tax regimes will give a deeper understanding of GST and help in tackling complex issues that arise today. Understanding how courts ruled on classification disputes, valuation issues, and input tax credits under the old tax laws will provide a strong foundation for handling similar issues under GST.
For staying updated, there are plenty of sources available online such as Taxscan, Taxsutra, and GSTSutra provide daily updates, case summaries, and expert opinions. It can be overwhelming as the updates are repetitive; to avoid that one can opt for GSTR journals as it captures the most relevant cases and amendments.
With such an impressive and diverse range of experience spanning constitutional, commercial, civil, and intellectual property rights matters, what initially inspired you to pursue a career in law? Were there any particular moments or experiences that had a significant impact on your decision to embark on this journey?
I always found law intriguing. The way it stimulated my mind to find a logical answer to a particular solution, encouraged me to choose this profession. So, it was after my 10th CBSE Board examinations, that I actually made up my mind to have law as an option. Accordingly, I chose the subjects for 11th and 12th, which included history, political science, economics and maths. History gave me the background and political science the foundation to pursue law after my 12th. I was also a part of my School’s, DPS Mathura Road, cricket team, which used to play practice matches with the various teams viz. Delhi High Court Bar Association and Bar Council of India. Thereby, I got an opportunity to interact with Advocates who were in litigation.
Having started your career working on Civil, Consumer, Arbitration, Debt, and Criminal matters, what were some of the key learning experiences in the early stages that shaped your understanding of the law and helped pave the way for your remarkable career progression?
Being a first-generation lawyer, and having no one in my immediate family in law to guide me, I was always open to learn and try everything which came my way. Right after law college, I had an offer to pursue my L.L.M from Kings College, London. However, I thought that without a clear path of which field I wanted to follow i.e. either corporate or litigation, I would have not been able to justify the course. Alternatively, since the placements in college were also not forthcoming, I actually ended up in litigation out of sheer luck. Then I got an opportunity to work under Mr. Sunil Goel, who also practiced in various courts viz. High Court, District Courts, Debt Recovery Tribunal and Consumer Courts. Whereby I got a flavour of different subjections and jurisdictions. However, since I was inclined to do corporate work, I joined a firm to do private equity and debt financing work. This gave me another perspective to law, esp. the commercial aspect. It also cleared my thought process, that litigation was what I wanted to do. Then I got the best opportunity or I would call the break-through, i.e. to work with Hon’ble Ms. Justice Indu Malhotra (prior to her elevation). From then onwards, with the tutelage of Justice Malhotra, the profession has been kind.
Assisting the esteemed Hon’ble Ms. Justice Indu Malhotra in various legal domains such as constitutional law, arbitration, and public law must have been an invaluable experience. How did her approach to legal research and arguments influence your understanding of complex legal matters, and how has that shaped your own legal practice?
Getting an opportunity to work under Hon’ble Ms. Justice Indu Malhotra, was the foundation I required as a first-generation lawyer. Despite her achievements, which are continuing even till date, there was no respite from her end. She was so through on facts and law, that it really opened my horizon and prepared me to handle complex matters. The answer was simple, be so well prepared on the facts and law, and to know the brief from front to end and end to front. Thereafter, the way Justice Malhotra articulated the arguments, was another aspect to learn. Being good in law and also being a good orator, is the best combination any lawyer would wish for, and she had it all. Her relentless hard work is second to none. Watching and getting to learn all this close and first hand, has made me an advocate I am today.
After gaining such extensive experience in diverse areas of law, what motivated you to establish your own independent practice? What challenges did you face along the way, and what strategies did you use to overcome them and build your firm?
Starting an independent practice was also a decision, made partially out of choice and partially out of necessity. I would have liked to continue to hone my skills under Hon’ble Ms. Justice Indu Malhotra, for a few more years. However, her very well-deserved elevation to the Hon’ble Supreme Court, gave me the push I probably needed. At the same time, I prepared and gave the Advocate-on-Record examination. However, since the result is declared almost 9-10 months later, I started my practice on the original side as well. Thereby, I started going to District Courts in Delhi and also the Delhi High Court. Since I had a few clients to sustain my practice, I could concentrate on building my network. I was lucky that since I belong to Delhi and was staying with my parents, I did not have to worry about basic sustenance. Without this, probably, I may not have started my independent practice at that time. During the same time, my childhood friends – Samar Khan and Abhishek Bakshi had also started their independent practice and were doing criminal litigation. Their requirement for a person to handle civil and commercial litigation, and my need to increase my practice to other fields coincided. Hence, came the foundation and incorporation of M/s. Aecus Legal.
As an Advocate-on-Record at the Supreme Court of India, you’ve undoubtedly dealt with some highly complex constitutional and commercial issues. Could you share one of the most challenging cases you’ve worked on, and what steps do you take to thoroughly prepare for and research such high-stakes cases?
There have been many notable cases I got an opportunity to be a part of. However, the four most notable cases would be the Vyapam Scam, Manesar land scam, Challenge to the vires of the bond condition signed by Doctors pursuing PG/ MD etc., and the challenge to the Section 24(2) of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 from two judges up to the Constitution Bench. The simple answer to prepare any matter, being high-stake or not, is to be first well-versed with the facts and then to be through with research. Sometimes, even an issue which may seem small, can be the turning point. That can only be achieved, if one does in-depth research. At the end of the day, there is no short-cut to hard work.
Given your vast experience representing clients in diverse legal forums, including the Supreme Court, District Courts, and NCLT, how do you tailor your litigation approach to suit the nature of each forum, be it constitutional, commercial, or quasi-criminal? Also, where do you see your firm, Aecus Legal, in the next 5-10 years?
One does need a certain degree of knowledge, which can only be achieved with experience, to handle different jurisdictions. However, the basic is again to be prepared with the brief on facts. Then, one also needs to be updated on the recent judgments being passed on the said subject. Especially, with the advent of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 and formation of NCLT and NCLAT, there is a new judgment on some aspect or the other, every week. Hence, one needs to keep oneself updated.
Our firm has grown at a steady pace and gone onto represent many international clients, as well. However, in the next few years, we would be making more specialised teams on different subjects, and then also have a separate general litigation team.
Clearing the Advocate-on-Record (AOR) examination is a remarkable achievement. What aspects of the exam did you find most challenging, and how did you prepare to successfully navigate this prestigious examination?
Not undermining the hard work required, I must say that since I extensively practiced in the Supreme Court from 2015 onwards, so the basics were clear. I did not effectively take a break in my profession to prepare for it, but the month of May was primarily focussed on studying for the exam. The most challenging aspect is that one loses touch to write an exam within three hours. For that, I started preparing my notes by writing them, at least one month in advance. The second challenge was to read all the judgments. However, once you are in that zone of studying, slowly and steadily one can manage. It is also important to attend the lectures given by prominent Senior Advocates, some of them also set papers. But I am sure, the advocates who do not practice in Supreme Court on a regular basis, do find the exam challenging.
Balancing a high-profile legal career with personal life is no easy feat. How do you manage to strike a balance between your professional responsibilities and personal well-being? What strategies do you use to maintain your health and overall well-being while managing such a fulfilling and demanding career?
To be frank, it is really difficult to maintain a balance. Especially in the early years, and on starting an independent practice. The profession always keeps you on the toes, and it is easy to lose that balance. However, I believe in today’s time, it is required that one does take some time off to just clear one’s mind. Travelling or playing a sport is one way, which has worked for me to un-wind and re-energise. Secondly, I have set-up an office space in my residence as well. So, when the days are light, I work from the residence, which gives you the time to relax at home and also spend time with your family. All this is needed, as I said, it is easy to maintain the balance. On a lighter note, I am still learning.
With your vast expertise across multiple legal domains, what advice would you give to young lawyers who aspire to have a diverse practice like yours? What key skills and qualities do you believe are essential for success in such competitive and multifaceted fields?
I believe, in litigation, it is all about perseverance, focus and hard work. There is no short-cut to that. However, one does need some luck. Some of the luck one can make by networking and always being open to learning. Also, client handling is one thing no one teaches, however is very important. Since lawyers cannot solicit, the best way to advertise is doing your best for your clients. I strongly believe that the profession is an Hon’ble one, and a person can really make a difference.
In today’s changing times, as mentioned above, networking has become an important aspect. Though I do not subscribe to the view of making videos on YouTube or Instagram. However, people do not realise that maximum work advocates give to each other, so making a good network of advocates also helps one to get new matters and clients.
