Super Lawyer

Tag: Competition Law

  • “Litigation is not about instant rewards, it’s a long game. It tests your patience, builds your  character, and teaches you lessons that no textbook ever can.” – Kauser Husain, Advocate at Supreme Court of India.

    “Litigation is not about instant rewards, it’s a long game. It tests your patience, builds your  character, and teaches you lessons that no textbook ever can.” – Kauser Husain, Advocate at Supreme Court of India.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    In the early stages of your career, you interned with several leading law firms. Could you  share specific experiences or lessons from those internships that significantly shaped your understanding of the law and laid the foundation for your litigation practice?

    Thank you very much for inviting me—it’s a pleasure to be here at this platform, and I  truly appreciate the opportunity. 

    Coming from a non-NLU background, having pursued my BA LL.B. from Aligarh Muslim  University followed by an LL.M. from NALSAR, the path to breaking into top-tier law firms  wasn’t straightforward. However, through determination and consistent effort, I was fortunate to  secure internships with leading firms such as the erstwhile Amarchand Mangaldas and Luthra &  Luthra. 

    I consciously chose to work across both corporate and litigation teams to gain a well-rounded  understanding of the legal landscape. On the corporate side, I was involved in drafting commercial  contracts, conducting due diligence, and assisting in deal structuring—experiences that honed my  attention to detail, regulatory knowledge, and commercial insight. 

    However, it was in Litigation that I found my true calling. Attending court proceedings, grasping  procedural intricacies, drafting legal responses, and conducting research using platforms like SCC  Online and Manupatra, etc. significantly shaped my litigation skill set—tools, which I still continue  to rely on in my current practice. 

    A particularly formative experience was assisting in a complex arbitration matter, where I had the  opportunity to observe Senior Counsels navigating the procedural and substantive challenges with  strategic finesse. This experience further solidified my interest in litigation, especially in the realm  of Criminal law, which demands keen analytical thinking, real-time problem-solving, and  persuasive advocacy. 

    Beyond technical proficiency, these internships instilled in me essential soft skills—discipline, time  management, and the ability to perform under pressure. They laid a strong foundation for my  litigation practice and continue to influence the professional I aspire to be. 

    What drew you to the legal profession? Was law always a planned career path for you, or did your interest develop gradually over time? 

    To be honest, Law was not my initial career plan. Coming from a commerce background,  I had originally considered pursuing professional courses like CA or CS. Around 2010, when I  completed my 12th grade, awareness about legal education—especially institutions like National  Law Universities and entrance exams like CLAT—was still quite limited, particularly at the  grassroots level.

    It was actually through my father that I first came to know about the option of studying law. That  sparked my curiosity, and I began researching about the Law schools, the Legal Profession,  placements, top law firms, and prominent lawyers. The more I explored, the more I found the  field fascinating—it felt like an opportunity to do something meaningful and different. 

    Once I joined law school, my interest deepened gradually. Studying various legal subjects and  gaining practical exposure through internships helped me understand the vastness and depth of  the profession. 

    Most lawyers tend to pick a specialization early on—fields like IPR, corporate law, or tax. But I  deliberately took the longer route. I wanted to earn clarity through lived experience rather than  rushing into a niche. By working across different domains, I gained a broader perspective and  eventually discovered that my true passion lies in Litigation. 

    What motivated you to pursue an LL.M. in Corporate & Commercial Laws from  NALSAR University of Law? How did that specialization deepen your grasp of commercial legal  issues and impact your practice? 

    After qualifying CLAT, I thoroughly researched LL.M. specialization options offered by  various National Law Universities. NALSAR stood out to me for its diverse range of  specializations and academic excellence. Given my prior internship experience with corporate  teams in Law Firms as well as Litigation Chambers, I decided to pursue Corporate and Commercial  Laws as my primary specialization. 

    I was particularly drawn to this field because of its dynamic interplay between legal reasoning,  business strategy, and regulatory frameworks. However, my interest didn’t stop there. During my  internships, I also discovered a genuine passion for litigation. I initially aimed to pursue a dual  specialization with Criminology but couldn’t formally opt for it due to program constraints.  Nevertheless, I chose Criminology as an elective to complement my corporate focus. 

    This combination—Corporate & Commercial Laws with an understanding of Criminology— equipped me with a well-rounded legal perspective. It allowed me to develop the skill set needed  for both corporate advisory roles and litigation practice, offering me flexibility in career direction  while deepening my understanding of complex commercial and criminal legal issues. 

    You’ve worked on landmark constitutional cases like Aadhaar and M. Nagaraj alongside  senior advocates. What were some of the most challenging or rewarding aspects of those matters?  How have those experiences shaped your current approach to litigation? 

    After completing my legal studies, I was fortunate to work under the guidance of  esteemed Legal Professionals, including under Chambers of Advocate-on-Record and prominent Senior Advocates such as Mr. Arun Kathpalia and Mr. Sidharth Luthra. Working in their Chambers  gave me the rare and invaluable opportunity to contribute to Landmark Constitutional matters  such as M. Nagaraj, Aadhaar, Ayodhya, and cases concerning mob lynching, among others. 

    One of the most enriching aspects of these experiences was engaging with complex constitutional  questions and the evolving landscape of public law. Tasks such as conducting in-depth legal  research, preparing concise briefing notes for senior counsels, and closely observing courtroom  strategy helped refine my analytical abilities and broaden my legal perspective.

    What I came to appreciate deeply is that litigation extends far beyond courtroom appearances— it’s about the discipline, consistency, and integrity brought to each stage of a case. The rigorous  process of preparing briefs, anticipating counterarguments, and grasping the wider constitutional  ramifications of a judgment has significantly shaped my litigation approach. I’ve learned to pay  close attention to detail, think critically, and always stay anchored in the constitutional values  underlying each matter. 

    These experiences have cemented my long-term interest in constitutional litigation and criminal  law practice. They’ve also taught me that even behind-the-scenes contributions play a vital role in  shaping outcomes and influencing the development of the law. 

    You’ve had the opportunity to work under Chambers of the most  distinguished Senior Advocates in the country, including Mr. Sidharth Luthra and Mr. Arun  Kathpalia, predominantly in areas like criminal law and insolvency. What were some of your key  takeaways from working in their Chambers, both in terms of legal acumen and professional  growth?

    I began my legal career after completing my studies by joining Chambers of Advocate on-Record Mr. Fuzail Ahmad Ayyubi, who has a robust criminal law practice, followed by Mr.  Sanjay Kapur, a leading counsel for the State Bank of India with a strong practice in civil and  commercial laws. These initial experiences were truly foundational. I was actively involved not  only in legal drafting but also in understanding court procedures and clerical work—skills, which I believe are essential for any young lawyer starting a career in litigation. Gaining this procedural  insight early, gave me a practical edge and helped solidify my interest in courtroom advocacy. 

    While working under AOR’s Chambers, I gradually developed a deep interest in Criminal law. One  of my aspirations was to work under the guidance of Mr. Sidharth Luthra, Senior Advocate— an opportunity I knew would be both rare and competitive, given his stature in the field. Before  joining his chamber, I had the privilege of working with Mr. Arun Kathpalia, Senior Advocate,  who is widely regarded as a top-tier Counsel for complex IBC matters before the Hon’ble Courts. 

    Mr. Kathpalia’s exceptional memory and mastery of Insolvency Law were immensely inspiring.  Assisting him in high-stake matters and undertaking intensive legal research helped me build a  strong foundation in commercial litigation and develop a more strategic, structured approach to  handling complex cases. 

    Eventually, I was fortunate enough to get a chance and join the Chambers of Mr. Sidharth Luthra— a long-standing goal of mine. Working under his mentorship has truly been a best once-in-a lifetime experience. He is a tough master yet a remarkable mentor one can ever have. As I often  say, you may enter his Chamber like a puppy, but you leave it with the strength and discipline of a  Rottweiler. The transformation is that intense, but incredibly rewarding. 

    Mr. Luthra’s Chamber molds you into a well-rounded Litigator, regardless of your area of  specialization. But particularly for someone inclined toward Criminal Law, the exposure is  unmatched. From sharpening your legal research and drafting skills to preparing argument notes  and managing the pressure of a fast-paced litigation environment, you are constantly challenged  to grow. You lose the fear of reading voluminous bulky case files and develop habits that sustain  a long-term career in litigation. 

    While I may never match his brilliance, what I’ve truly tried to internalize are his work ethic, time  management, argumentation style, command over case laws, and unwavering dedication to the craft of advocacy. These experiences have been pivotal in shaping both my legal acumen and  professional outlook, instilling the discipline and resilience required for a meaningful career in  litigation. 

    What inspired you to establish your independent practice? What initial challenges did you  face while setting it up, and what vision did you have for your role as an independent counsel? 

    From the early days of my undergraduate and postgraduate legal studies, I was  determined to immerse myself in every dimension of the law—be it Corporate practice or  Litigation—rather than confining myself to a single niche. My internships across leading Law  Firms and prominent Chambers exposed me to the nuances of drafting, court procedures, and  client handling. But it was through those hands-on experiences that I discovered my deeper  inclination toward Litigation. I came to understand that Litigation isn’t just about mastering  statutes and precedents; it’s about crafting compelling narratives, building trust through  connections and referrals, and delivering real justice to clients. 

    Starting an independent practice as a first-generation lawyer—from a mid-tier city to the legal  landscape of Delhi—was undoubtedly daunting. I had no legacy to rely on, no ready-made client  base, and there were days in the beginning when court appearances were few and far between.  Establishing credibility meant more than just refining my research and drafting abilities; it meant  absorbing the invaluable lessons I learned under mentors like Mr. Arun Kathpalia and Mr. Sidharth  Luthra, developing strong interpersonal and conversational skills with a blend of strong command  over the Laws. 

    The vision behind KH Law Office has always been twofold. First, to build a practice rooted in  integrity, meticulous preparation, and genuine client empathy—ensuring that anyone who walks  through my doors, whether for a criminal matter, commercial dispute, NGT proceeding, or an  IBC case, feels assured that they have a dedicated and dependable advocate. Second, to maintain  intellectual and professional versatility. While my core focus lies in Criminal and White-collar  matters, I actively take up the cases in civil litigation, GST, environmental law, and Insolvency. 

    Today, with established branches in both Delhi and Gorakhpur and a steadily growing practice,  I look back with pride and can say, it was perseverance, belief in myself, and the understanding  that true excellence in Litigation goes beyond specialization, that helped turn my vision of  independent practice into a growing, dynamic reality. 

    As an empanelled legal counsel for the Competition Commission of India, what are some  of the unique challenges that arise in representing regulatory authorities? How do you address  complex, sector-specific legal issues in such matters? 

    Representing a regulatory authority like the Competition Commission of India brings a  unique set of challenges. One of the key responsibilities is to ensure that legal arguments not only  align with statutory mandates but also uphold public interest and regulatory integrity. Unlike  private clients, where strategy often centers on protecting individual interests, working with a  regulator demands a broader, sector-wide perspective. 

    As an independent practitioner, I value the objectivity and responsibility that comes with such  empanelment. It’s not just about winning a case—it’s about reinforcing regulatory frameworks and  promoting fair competition in the economy.

    Many of your publications explore important issues like trials by media, cybercrime, and  gender justice. How do you manage to balance the demands of a full-fledged legal practice, your  commitment to writing on socially relevant topics, and finding time for your personal life? 

    Balancing a full-fledged legal practice with writing on socially relevant topics and  maintaining a personal life does come with its challenges, but it’s something I’ve been passionate  about for a long time. Since my college days, I’ve been actively involved in academic writing and  have had several papers published. After completing my post-graduation, my inclination toward  academia only grew stronger, and I made a conscious decision to pursue it alongside my litigation  practice. 

    Over the years, I’ve delivered lectures on various legal subjects—predominantly in criminal law— which has not only helped me deepen my own understanding but has also allowed me to stay  updated with evolving legal concepts. I genuinely enjoy interacting with law students; those  engagements are often mutually enriching and offer fresh perspectives. 

    Balancing litigation, academic writing, and teaching definitely requires good time management. I  usually try to dedicate some of my weekends—Saturdays and Sundays—to research, writing, or  preparing for lectures. I firmly believe that a lawyer should possess dynamic qualities and should  actively contribute to both the practice and academic sides of the profession. Engaging with the  next generation of legal minds is both energizing and intellectually stimulating, and that’s how I  strive to maintain balance in my professional life. 

    What advice would you offer to young law graduates aspiring to enter litigation? Are  there any specific resources or practices you would recommend to help them stay updated on the  latest legal trends and developments? 

    My genuine advice to young Law graduates aspiring to enter Litigation, especially from  the lens of someone who built an independent practice as a first-generation lawyer with no legal  background, would be this—have a strong vision, stay persistent, and believe in your ability to  grow through the process. 

    Litigation is not about instant rewards—it’s a long game. It tests your patience, builds your  character, and teaches you lessons that no textbook ever can. Many freshers walk into Chambers  asking, “What’s the starting salary?” And while it’s understandable, Litigation doesn’t begin with a  CTC—it begins with court. If your first instinct is to calculate income before understanding the  practice, Litigation might not be for you. This profession pays, but only after it shapes you. It pays  when you’ve shown that you’re worth paying. 

    In the initial phase, your goal should be to learn—not to earn. Some may pay you in the first  month, others may wait until you prove your contribution. What matters is your presence, your  commitment, and your curiosity to grow. 

    My advice: 

    Keep reading—not just judgments and articles, but also good books on legal reasoning, advocacy,  and even biographies of great lawyers. 

    Develop the habit of going through Bare Acts—they are the backbone of Legal interpretation. Strengthen your Legal Research and Drafting Skills—these are the tools of your trade.

    Build your communication skills and cultivate professional relationships—referrals and a good  reputation can take you a long way. 

    Stay updated with legal developments through platforms like SCC Online, LiveLaw, Bar & Bench,  and newsletters by reputed firms or legal portals. 

    Also, don’t try to immediately narrow your focus. In the early years of your independent practice,  take up all kinds of matters—Civil, Criminal, Commercial, Environmental, Tax, IBC—whatever  comes your way. It helps you gain exposure across various Hon’ble Courts and develop command  over a range of subjects. Gradually, you’ll discover where your core interest lies. 

    Ultimately, the path is tough, especially if you’re starting from scratch—but if I could do it with  perseverance and a clear vision, so can you. Stay consistent, stay grounded, and don’t be afraid of  the slow climb. Because in litigation, once you rise, the view is absolutely worth it.

    Get in touch with Kauser Husain –

  • “Start with substance before specialisation. If you master the fundamentals, then transferring those learnings and skills to a specialisation such as international arbitration becomes easy.” – Satjit Singh Chhabra, Senior Associate at Khaitan & Co.

    “Start with substance before specialisation. If you master the fundamentals, then transferring those learnings and skills to a specialisation such as international arbitration becomes easy.” – Satjit Singh Chhabra, Senior Associate at Khaitan & Co.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Having gained intensive experience and developed commendable expertise in dispute resolution, what initially inspired you to pursue law as a career? Could you share some insights from your law school journey that helped shape your path?

    When I was deciding what career to pursue, I knew that I wanted to do something that was stimulating and intellectually challenging – and law fit the bill perfectly. Growing up, my dinner table conversations often revolved around legal issues, thanks to my father being a lawyer himself. So early on, I got front-row tickets to watch him in action which undoubtedly influenced my decision to pursue law. His anecdotes and insights into the legal world were like  fascinating stories that gradually drew me into the profession.

    Law school was a whirlwind of case studies, moot court competitions, and sleepless nights. The mentorship I received was instrumental in shaping my career path. Academic learning apart, what helped me immensely was the chance to get an insight into all areas of law, whether through internships or moots, that finally helped me decide my calling. Participating in moot court competitions gave a taste of the adversarial nature of legal practice, while internships provided practical insights into the real-world workings of the legal profession. While you leave law school one day, it is the friends you make and the professors you meet along the way that stay, who I continue to learn from and consult from time to time.  

    Reflecting on my journey, I realize that every step—from those dinner table conversations to the academic pursuits—played a crucial role in my development as a lawyer. 

    What motivated you to pursue a Master’s in International Commercial Law at University College London? How do you believe your experience at UCL differed from other institutions offering similar programs, and in what ways has it broadened your perspective and enhanced your practice?

    I chose UCL for my Master’s because of a few things that really stood out to me. The biggest draw was the unique composition of their faculty. Unlike many institutions where professors are primarily theoretical scholars, UCL’s program was taught by professors who were actively practicing. This made a huge difference because everything we learned was based on real cases and situations they were dealing with, not just textbook theory. The insights I gained were immediately relevant to the challenges I would face in practice, giving me a significant advantage. 

    What I also loved about UCL was the flexibility to pick and choose courses that interested me. As someone just starting out, I was not sure exactly which area of law I wanted to focus on, so I took courses in arbitration, commercial law, and corporate finance. That mix turned out to be perfect—today, when I am reviewing financial documents for clients, I am able to quickly comprehend what I am looking at because of that corporate finance background. It helped me figure out that arbitration and commercial law were really my thing, and those subjects form the core of my practice today.

    The alumni network has been incredibly helpful too. UCL has a really strong presence in India and internationally, and I have found that UCL alumni are genuinely willing to help each other out. When I get a case that involves foreign law—I often reach out to UCL graduates practicing in those countries for advice. Plus, being in London was amazing because it’s basically the hub of international arbitration. I could attend industry events, see how things actually work, and meet people in the field while I was still studying. Those connections and that exposure to the real arbitration world have been invaluable.

    Looking back after six years of practice, choosing UCL was definitely one of my best decisions. The experience taught me to think beyond just Indian law and spot international issues that other lawyers might miss. I believe that my clients benefit from this broader perspective, especially when their businesses have cross-border elements. 

    You’ve worked alongside several prominent lawyers and leading law firms early in your career. Could you share some of the most formative or memorable experiences during that time, and how they laid the foundation for your current practice?

    I was incredibly fortunate to work with some of the most respected names in Indian law early in my career, and honestly, those experiences shaped everything about how I approach the profession today. Getting a chance to observe and work with stalwarts like Mr Sibal and Mr Jethmalani was inspiring beyond words. Each day was genuinely exciting—I don’t think there was a single day I came home without being amazed by how productive and intense their work was. Watching them up close taught me that there’s absolutely no replacement for hard work in this field, and the level of discipline it requires is something you can only truly appreciate when you see it in action.

    What struck me most was their work ethic and attention to detail. These weren’t just naturally gifted lawyers coasting on their reputation—they were putting in the hours, preparing meticulously, and constantly pushing themselves. That observation really drove home the point that success in law is not just about being smart or having good arguments; it’s about the relentless effort you put in behind the scenes. That lesson has stayed with me throughout my career, and I try to bring that same level of commitment to every case I handle.

    After that experience, I moved to a premier law firm in India, and that’s where I really learned the art of legal writing. My mentors there were incredibly particular about quality drafting—they taught me how to think through legal arguments systematically and then put them on paper in a way that was clear and compelling. I’ll be honest, at the time, the constant revisions and re-revisions of drafts often felt unnecessary and frankly exhausting and I remember thinking some of the feedback was nitpicking − but looking back now, I can see what a huge difference that process made in developing my drafting skills – a crucial skill as a lawyer.

    You’ve handled high-stakes arbitrations across diverse industries such as energy, chemicals, aviation, and mining. When it comes specifically to the energy sector, what are some unique legal or regulatory challenges you’ve encountered?

    The energy sector is one of the most challenging areas I work in because energy arbitrations can get incredibly technical and complex. As lawyers, we can’t just rely on legal knowledge—we really need to understand the commercial perspective, and of course, the science behind these projects to grasp the facts properly and apply the law correctly. I’ve spent hours trying to understand power generation technologies, transmission systems, and renewable energy processes because without that foundation, you’re essentially preparing your case in the dark.

    Another unique challenge is how many different laws and regulations intersect in energy disputes. You’re dealing with contract law, environmental regulations, power sector reforms, electricity acts, renewable energy policies, and often state-specific regulations all at once. The research becomes much more extensive because each regulatory framework can significantly impact your case strategy. What makes this even more complex is that the energy sector is extremely important for the government given their emission targets and climate goals, which means they’re constantly revising regulations and policies. This dynamic regulatory environment can be challenging, but it’s extremely important to stay abreast of these developments to properly represent your clients. When foreign clients are involved, you’re also navigating FDI regulations and FEMA compliance, which adds another layer of complexity.

    Energy arbitrations are also extremely document-heavy, with tons of technical documentation that can be overwhelming. What’s crucial is having strong communication with clients who can distil these technical points into simpler terms that we as lawyers can then convey effectively to a tribunal. 

    Being qualified to practice law in both India and the UK is a notable accomplishment. How has your dual qualification influenced your strategy and perspective in handling cross-border disputes?

    Having dual qualification in both India and the UK has been really helpful in my practice, especially when dealing with cross-border disputes. The biggest advantage is when I’m working on arbitrations that involve English law—I can understand English law concepts much more easily because of my UK qualification rather than having to rely entirely on expert opinions or academic research.

    When you’re dealing with English law governed contracts or English legal principles in international arbitrations, having that background makes a huge difference. I can read English case law and understand the nuances in a way that feels natural, rather than struggling to interpret concepts from an outside perspective. This helps me structure arguments better and anticipate how English law points might be argued by the other side.

    The dual qualification also helps when I’m coordinating with English solicitors or barristers on cases. There’s a common understanding of how things work, which makes collaboration smoother. I can communicate more effectively because I understand their legal framework and approach, and they don’t have to spend time explaining basic English law concepts to me.

    Overall, it’s made me more confident in handling international disputes where English law elements come up, which happens quite frequently in commercial arbitrations. Instead of feeling like I’m working in unfamiliar territory, I can approach these cases with the same comfort level I’d have with Indian law matters.

    Among the many significant matters you’ve handled, which case stands out as the most complex or strategically demanding, and how did you approach resolving it? 

    While confidentiality prevents me from discussing specific details – generally speaking, arbitration disputes can get quite complex when there are parallel proceedings in multiple jurisdictions. Each proceeding can have an impact on the other, with laws differing in each jurisdiction, and overall, often can be too much to track at the same time – that can be quite challenging. 

    I recently worked on an arbitration, followed by set aside proceedings before Singapore Courts and enforcement proceeding in the US, which was very interesting and complex. Earlier last year, I successfully represented a major oil and gas giant against its downstream purchaser relating to non-supply of gas – that led to a contentious Section 9 before the Delhi High Court. Then, some of the arbitrations I am working on are a bit technical, and they can be quite demanding but equally interesting.

    The way I approach these disputes is to adopt a methodical approach and distil complex issues into simple fragments, making it easier to understand. And then, I align the strategy overall to have a unified approach. There is no substitute to hard work – and the more time I spend on understanding the matter, and going through the material – the easier it becomes to strategize and form arguments. 

    What guidance would you offer to young lawyers aspiring to build a practice in international arbitration? What resources would you recommend to them to stay updated on the latest legal developments?

    Start with substance before specialisation. If you master the fundamentals, then transferring those learnings and skills to a specialisation such as international arbitration becomes easy. The glamour of international arbitration means nothing without a rock-solid foundation. My strategy has been simple, do all kinds of work that come your way early on – each experience teaches you something that will be useful later. 

    For staying current, I would suggest reading arbitration blogs, such as Global Arbitration Review and Kluwer International Law – they are goldmines for understanding trends and recent decisions. Attend webinars and events hosted by organisations like Young ITA, SIAC, ICC etc. 

    As an arbitration lawyer one needs to develop commercial awareness – understand your clients’ businesses. In my experience, the best arbitration lawyers are not just great with legal knowledge, they are strategic advisors who understand how legal outcomes can affect business objectives. To achieve this, read the newspaper. Every morning, read the newspaper, specifically the financial section. If you prefer digital means, get a subscription like Magzter that will get you access to most publications. 

    Looking ahead, how do you foresee the field of international arbitration evolving over the next five years, particularly in the context of emerging technologies like AI and shifting geopolitical dynamics?

    According to me, the next five years will likely see a significant evolution. AI will revolutionise document review and legal research but, in my view, will not replace the strategic thinking that disputes require. We are already seeing firms adopt AI models which has been a blessing for combing through volumes of data. While the existing AI models offer better support to corporate work, I am confident that models that are better suited for disputes will also come soon. I am also hopeful for more technological integration in arbitration – we have already seen virtual hearings being normalised – a trend that is making arbitration more accessible. The adoption of such dispute resolution platforms will make arbitration more accessible, allowing parties to resolve disputes remotely and reducing costs associated with travel. Additionally, the integration of robust cybersecurity measures and compliance with global data protection standards will become paramount as reliance on digital technologies increases. Arbitration rules and procedures will keep on evolving to accommodate these changes, with updated guidelines for digital evidence and flexible procedural frameworks.

    The geopolitical shift is where the things get interesting. Geopolitical tensions, like the Russia-Ukraine conflict and shifting alliances, are fueling a rise in disputes—especially in energy, infrastructure, and sectors affected by sanctions. Now with tensions increasing in Middle East as well, it is possible that we see an increase in disputes in that area as well. With these developments,  the enforcement of arbitral awards may face new challenges as geopolitical tensions affect cooperation between jurisdictions. Specifically, investment arbitration will be impacted by changes in international trade agreements and policies. 

    With such a demanding professional life, how do you manage to maintain a work-life balance?

    The absolute game changer for me has been to have a well organised calendar and better planning. I block out time for everything – client calls, research etc. That helps me plan my day better and find time for things except just work. Start your day with a to-do list and plan your day accordingly.  Better planning = better control over your day. 

    Try your best to set realistic timelines with your seniors and your clients about response times – a concept that might seem shocking at first, but more often than not, if you make a reasonable request to your client / senior, they will likely understand.  

    To sustain this ‘life’, it’s important to find pockets of sanity throughout the day. Maybe it is a proper lunch, a quick walk, a session of pickleball or just an episode of ‘Friends’. Sooner or later, everyone realises that physical and mental health directly impacts your ability to serve your clients well, so always remember to take care of yourself. 

    Of course, the nature of the profession is that you will pulling all-nighters or eat out of a cardboard box some days, or perhaps weeks. But the idea is to try and disconnect when the work becomes manageable and then come back rested and focussed.   

    What keeps you motivated, and is there a personal philosophy or motto that has guided you through your journey?

    As cheesy as it might sound, I genuinely love what I do. Every dispute that I work on is like an intellectual challenge that teaches me something I didn’t already know. One week I am trying to figure out how electrical plants work and then the next I am knee deep in a mining dispute. The thrill of being intellectually tested in completely different ways keeps me on my toes – which is very exciting.

    What really drives me is ambition and the hunger to get better. The goal is to keep improving at what I do and constantly grow. Each case is an opportunity to push myself further than the last one, to understand something new, to develop a skill I didn’t have before. There’s something incredibly satisfying about looking back at cases from a year ago and realising how far ahead I have come and how my approach has improved. I am always trying to level up. 

    Get in touch with Satjit Singh Chhabra –

  • “If you enjoy the law, keep your head down and work when times get tough, respect your seniors, there are enough reasons to pursue your journey.” – Udayan Verma, Independent Legal Practitioner.

    “If you enjoy the law, keep your head down and work when times get tough, respect your seniors, there are enough reasons to pursue your journey.” – Udayan Verma, Independent Legal Practitioner.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    You’ve built a distinguished independent practice, representing both high-stakes private clients and government enterprises. What inspired your transition from being an Associate under a Senior Advocate to establish your own practice?

    Thank you very much. As much as I appreciate the kind gesture, I feel it is too soon to say that I have a distinguished practice. I am definitely humbled and grateful by the opportunities that have come my way; there is still a lot of learning left and I hope to achieve more at the right time.  

    While practicing law, as one matures and learns to grasp how the legal industry operates in India, one reaches a stage where there is a simultaneous urge to make your own mark in the profession. One’s personal aspirations coupled with the rigorous training which is undertaken during the initial years of practice leads one to desire more from their capabilities as a lawyer. You get down to brass tacks, work on your thought-process and make an honest attempt at handling a legal brief sans supervision. In the process, you wish to hold your own turf, work with the tools which you have gathered, seek client(s) and navigate the case accordingly. You also become accountable and feel ready to take the flak when things don’t go as per expectations. In essence, this feeling is very subjective and the inflection point cannot be attributed to a single event.

    To answer your query, I feel ‘inspiration’ is not a linear term. It can come from the mundane to the magnificent moments of your personal and professional endeavours. They are building blocks of your personality which end up getting chronicled in the vicissitudes of life. In my case, there have been various instances which have inspired me to cut the cord and carry my own weight. Growing up in New Delhi one has an early exposure to the power corridors and legal circles of India. One of the earliest exposures which I can recollect is watching parliamentary debates and reading interviews of many senior lawyers and distinguished legal luminaries.  This was a constant source of inspiration during my formative years. A chance-meet with some of the prominent figures in the legal world was also a source of encouragement to consider joining the profession.  

    While these are contributory factors, I owe substantial credit to my Senior Mr. Prashanto C. Sen, Sr. Advocate who, being a first-generation lawyer, has established a flourishing litigation practice in India. His noble approach to the profession, impeccable standards and going the extra mile to serve the legal needs of his clientele inspired me the most. While taking me under his wings, he not only taught me the fundamentals of law; his training and invaluable wisdom which I imbibed, helped me come out of my shell at an early stage of my litigation career and further encouraged me to start my own practice.  

    Your practice spans infrastructure, mining, energy, and arbitration sectors known for their complexity and regulatory intensity. What drew you to these domains, and how did your early exposure during internships and associate years influence this path?

    Yes, my practice till now has ended up within the four corners of these domains that you have mentioned. Just to give you a brief overview, after graduating in B.A. (Hons.) from the University of Delhi where I read Economics, I pursued the three-year LL.B. course at Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. While attending law school, I used to be drawn towards understanding the dynamics of laws and regulations which are applicable while conducting business activities and commercial dealings. This was probably because of my background in Economics which is a commercially – oriented field. 

    With time I was clear that I would like to gain further knowledge and deeper insights into commercial laws which are applied in business affairs. My interests and curiosity piqued during Company Law classes at CLC, and I wanted to further analyse how these laws end up navigating businesses in the real world. In order to see whether I fit into these domains, apart from general reading at law school, I simultaneously undertook multiple legal internships at some of the most prestigious law firms as well as the Attorney General of India’s office. My internship days taught me the basics of not just corporate law practice but also how to conduct oneself in law firms. Although as interns we had limited roles, it was during these rigorous training sessions that I got the initial exposure to these domains. At corporate law firms, I was able to understand how lawyers apply the law on a day-to-day basis to help corporations and other businesses solve complex legal issues in these sectors. I was fortunate to intern under some of the best legal minds in the country, many of whom showed excellent qualities of being a lawyer and were very patient with the younger lot.  

    When I decided to pursue a career in litigation, Commercial Litigation and Disputes Resolution came as a natural choice since it includes a mix of both – appearing before judicial forums and practicing commercial laws. It also includes within its fold advisory, ADR and counsel work. I chose counsel-chamber practice since there is more responsibility which is put on your shoulders thereby shortening the learning curve. In chamber practice, you are directly dealing with clients while single handedly assisting your Senior. 

    Importantly, Mining, energy and other areas of the infrastructure sector are highly regulated and routinely end up being exposed to major and complex litigations against the State. They require consistent consultations with counsels, legal experts and sectoral specialists. I was lucky to be selected at the Chambers of Mr. Prashanto Sen, SA to start my legal career.  It was during my initial days as an Associate where I got a proper exposure to these domains.  During my term as an Associate, I was tasked with handling very high stakes litigations for not just infrastructure MNCs but also government/PSU bodies as well as sector-Regulators such as CCI and AERA. This was a golden opportunity since one got to analyse issues from both ends of the spectrum – as a private entity as well as a public body. We were tasked with counsel work in diverse fields of law and I was taking care of briefs concerning three major sectors: mining, electricity and aviation. I was therefore very fortunate to get the right exposure in these fields at an early stage of my litigation career, and perhaps this was the inflection point since the exposure helped me shape my domain knowledge, and provided the required impetus to refine my legal craft. 

    Representing clients in high-stakes disputes involves navigating regulatory and commercial pressures. Could you share a particularly challenging or defining case and how was your experience dealing with it?

    That is correct, it is a high-pressure area of practice. Room for error is minimal.  The stakes are very high and the timelines equally rigid.  

    Till date, one of the most challenging and defining cases as an Independent Counsel has been C.A. No. 262/2020 (titled Vedanta Ltd. v. R.N. Mohapatra and Ors.) where I was engaged before the High Court in writ proceedings as well as the Supreme Court. The case involved various complex and interesting legal issue(s) concerning Constitutional Law, Contracts, Customs and Trade Law, Civil Contempt Jurisprudence. This litigation spanned over a period of close to 3 years and was one of my very first legal brief(s) as a newly-minted independent Counsel. It was during the course of this litigation that I ended up building great rapport with many able lawyers – both in-house and outside Counsels and commercial-management specialists with whom I still share a working relationship. I was also fortunate to have been guided by Senior in-house counsels and industry leaders, who were very kind to acknowledge my efforts and support me further in my practice.  

    I would say that handling high stakes disputes help you come out of your comfort zone as a lawyer. The experience(s) ends up educating you on the ground realities of how academic knowledge is to be applied whilst handling a matter, to the benefit of the client whose business interests are at stake and who is relying on your capabilities to assist them.

    These opportunities don’t knock on your doors very often; therefore, it is imperative that you take up such cases without any hesitation. You can always learn along the way. While handling these disputes one faces a lot of challenges – both professionally and personally – which end up testing your mettle. These cases are laborious and demand long hours which at times run into late nights and early mornings, working on weekends, gruelling schedules and exhausting deadlines, all while micromanaging immense pressure from the client. However, when you come out on the other end, you will always be satisfied irrespective of the outcome of the case and be glad that you pushed through.

    Having advised both government enterprises and Fortune 500 companies, what key differences have you observed in their legal cultures, decision-making processes, and approaches to risk?

    In my limited experience, I would say that the legal culture per se is not very distinguishable. At the end of the day both sets of corporations engage lawyers who play a very specific role. Lawyers have their tasks cut out and are only performing their duties as per the terms of engagement/Vakalat.  

    While it is true that private and public corporations have their distinct characteristics and cultures, both do have their sector-specific targets and goals which are required to be fulfilled at all times. The legal team(s) of both are answerable to the management’s needs. Thus, at a macro level and from the outside one does not feel that there is much difference in the day-to-day operations and engagements. 

    I cannot comment much on the decision-making process of either of the two, but I would say that there is a certain level of risk-taking appetite, which is much higher in private corporations as compared to government enterprises. This is borne out of various factors: Private corporations are Laser-focused on profitable outcomes of their decisions with minimal externalities. The time lines are very strict and there is little to no room for any ambiguity. The targets and management/commercial asks are very clearly classified and is percolated through a chain of command. As a corollary, the expectations from an outside Counsel also becomes crystal clear. Private corporations are democratic in that there is much more room to express creative ideas, out-of-the-box thinking is encouraged during conferences and at times appreciated. Frankly, one sees a very peculiar pattern where, due to the fact that private organisations encourage quick and bold decision-making efforts, the unnecessary clutter and irrelevant thought process are weeded out at the very initial stages of brainstorming, helping the team to clearly demarcate the tasks at hand and focus on the relevant issues. 

    On the other hand, PSEs work in a more conservative fashion but are professional in their conduct. There are already established norms and set patterns/traditions which are adhered to and followed while performing the tasks at these organisations. I would say that the propensity-appetite to take risks in PSEs are much lower and there is a consistent effort to avert exposure to untoward outcomes. Being a government company which is answerable to the state exchequer and other departments, a PSE always has a touch of public duty in their actions which ends up contributing to the behaviour of not being very intrepid. This factor is ingrained in the functioning of many PSEs and is reflected while handing litigations and taking decisions. PSEs do command a lot of admiration and respect for the work which they are doing in the infrastructure domain – they are very clear on their roles and the primary objective of building the nation. In that pursuit, many are working tirelessly to achieve this goal.

    You initially studied economics before pursuing law. What led you to choose a career in law, and how has your academic grounding in economics complemented your legal work?

    This is a very interesting question. I will say that an error of judgment led me into reading economics which then led me to law. It was during my first year of graduation at Sri Venkateswara College (University of Delhi) where I read taxation and basics of Public Economics. I had an epiphany and I started reading more basics of law which was available in the University library. This made me realise that law was my actual calling throughout. Since I did not want to let go of the opportunity of pursuing a coveted course such as Economics from DU, I decided to sit tight and then pursue the three-year LL.B. course offered by the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. 

    Although Economics and Law only converge in certain specific legal fields such as Competition/Anti-Trust, Aviation, etc., in my personal opinion I feel Economics helped me to a great extent in shaping my commercial analyses of legal issues. B.A. (H) Economics is rigorous and is a highly analytical course rooted in problem solving capabilities. Further, commercial clients need a result-oriented approach to a dispute. The grounding in economics certainly complemented my legal work and till date helps me understand business-commercial needs in a better fashion.

    For young litigators looking to build a niche in infrastructure or regulatory disputes, what skills and experiences should they focus on early in their careers?

    For young litigators my advice is to undertake a lot of drafting work during the initial years of their career. Drafting is like solving mathematical equations – the more you do it the more skilled you become. Secondly, stay up to date with what’s happening around the world – read at least 2 national dailies. It is very important that your client believes that their lawyer is not living under a rock! Thirdly, you need to know which laws and bare acts to look into whilst dealing with a client query – while no one expects you to verbatim learn the statutes, it is expected that you can figure out the applicable laws on the issues. This comes with practice and it is important that you keep revising the bare acts occasionally/during vacations. Fourthly, it is a harsh suggestion but in order to survive in litigation you cannot look at the clock till you finish a task – infrastructure and regulatory sector is a very demanding branch with gruelling working hours. Just like building muscles during strength training, you need to build stamina to brave the requirements in independent practice. The longer hours you pull during your initial days will make or break your practice in the subsequent years. So be ready to give it your all. Lastly, and most importantly no matter how much pressure is put on you or how powerful your clientele is, never compromise on your ethics and integrity. Go to bed with a clean conscience. As Advocates, the Standards of Professional Conduct and Etiquette under the Advocates Act, 1961 is our Holy Scripture. As Officers of the Court, it is our solemn duty to uphold the Code’s sanctity. Make sure your professional standards don’t drop by any margin whatsoever. 

    What’s one core principle or motto that has guided your legal journey? How do you envision the growth of your practice and your role in the evolving legal landscape of India?

    There is a Latin phrase ‘Incende naves’ which means burn the ships. It isn’t about ships, it is about committing oneself to a belief, and striving towards achieving your goals and endeavours to the best of your abilities without looking back. This core principle has guided my legal journey from the day I stepped into law school. Legal practice (of any nature – litigation/corporate) is a complicated voyage riddled with uncertainties and externalities. I believe in order to survive in litigation you need this core principle ingrained in you at a very initial stage of life. If you enjoy the law, keep your head down and work when times get tough, respect your seniors, there are enough reasons to pursue your journey. 

    To answer your other question, I feel litigation and disputes practice is here to stay notwithstanding the onset of the Artificial Intelligence revolution across fields. Law is a distinct arena where no matter how much technology one infuses, one will always need the reassurance of a legal mind and a human touch. The legal landscape of India is definitely undergoing successive churns; this is part and parcel of a growing economy. I am looking forward to seeing more ADR mechanisms being put in place. I see a significant growth in arbitration as well as mediation sectors in the next couple of years. While my practice is already within the core litigation space, I do envision to move more and more into the arbitration and other ADR practice. There is a lot of work to be done in these fields. 

    With a practice that spans high-stakes matters and sectoral expertise, how do you maintain personal balance, and what keeps you intellectually and professionally motivated in the long run?

    In independent practice, how you manage your time is mostly up to you. It is important to have a daily routine and more important to stick to it. In my case, there are days when you don’t get time to even sit for a minute, but then there are days which are fairly light. So, I balance it out. On lighter days I do strength training, read a lot of non-fiction books (especially on current affairs, economics, etc.), and occasionally travel with family. 

    In the long run, the only thing which motivates you is your passion for law, helping people in need, and knowing that you are now part of a very illustrious and prestigious community, be it litigation or transactional practice. There is fairly no other stream of motivation because your career is not a straight steam-lined path. In order to find more motivation, it is important that you go to courts even on days when you don’t have a matter listed, sit and observe the judges as well as the seniors who are arguing a case, stay up to date on any important judgments and maintain very healthy professional boundaries between your practice and your clientele. 

    Get in touch with Udayan Verma –

  • “Legal strategy must always be rooted in facts and law. However, in an age of media trials,  perception management becomes a necessary adjunct.” – Abhineet Pange, Designated Partner at Regstreet Law Advisors.

    “Legal strategy must always be rooted in facts and law. However, in an age of media trials,  perception management becomes a necessary adjunct.” – Abhineet Pange, Designated Partner at Regstreet Law Advisors.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Looking back, why did law resonate with you as your chosen path? 

    My early inclination toward debate, theatre, and structured argument made the law a natural  fit. The profession offered intellectual rigor, stability, and a meaningful way to engage with  real-world issues, both theoretically and practically. During my early career, I had the  opportunity to work in in-house roles and Litigation Chambers, which confirmed my affinity  for litigation. Since then, there has been no turning back. 

    What truly drew me in was the dynamic and intellectually stimulating nature of courtroom  practice. Over time, it became a calling. The constant influx of new challenges kept me engaged  and reaffirmed my decision to pursue law as a lifelong profession. 

    Your initial years in legal practice involved real estate disputes and civil litigation  before transitioning to regulatory and commercial litigation. How did those early  experiences shape your legal philosophy and prepare you for handling high-stake, sector specific financial regulatory matters today? 

    Starting out in civil and real estate litigation helped hone essential skills, such as precise  drafting, procedural discipline, and strategic planning. Early mentorships were instrumental. I  was fortunate to begin at Bhave & Co. and later work under Mr. Mehernosh Pardiwala. Both  mentors entrusted me with complex matters early on and encouraged independent advocacy,  which helped build courtroom confidence and strategic maturity. It was compounded by the  faith reposed in me by Ms. Priyanka Khemani at the then Anand & Anand & Khimani. 

    Civil litigation, particularly involving title disputes and contractual claims, instilled in me a  sense of procedural rigor and the value of legal precision. These foundational skills now serve  me well in high-stakes regulatory disputes where the stakes often involve reputational risk,  statutory interpretation, and deep sectoral insight. 

    At Regstreet Law Advisors, I have the privilege of working under Mr. Sumit Agrawal, a  leading authority in securities and financial regulatory law. We as Regulatory Lawyers use our  nuanced understanding of how law, policy, and financial markets intersect. One may not expect  the need to interpret balance sheets or NSE / BSE disclosures in legal pleadings, yet these  elements often define the outcome in financial regulatory litigation. For instance, we recently  succeeded in a matter involving allegations of non-disclosure of a penalty imposed by the  Hon’ble National Green Tribunal. To secure a favorable outcome, we had to integrate  environmental law, civil and criminal procedure, and corporate and securities law, a true  example of the 360-degree interconnectedness that defines modern regulatory law practice. 

    What inspired your decision to begin independent practice in 2017? Could you share  some of the key challenges you faced during that transition, and how you overcame them? 

    As a first-generation lawyer, the desire to build something of my own, grounded in courtroom  skill and client trust, was a powerful motivator. Independent practice meant owning every  aspect of litigation, drafting, arguing, client relations and even managing office logistics. 

    I was deeply inspired by senior advocates on both the Original and Appellate Sides of the  Bombay High Court. Watching them argue with clarity, depth, and composure reinforced my  aspiration to take ownership of cases end-to-end.

    The transition was demanding. With no safety net, just grit and a phonebook, I began reaching  out to friends and seniors across Maharashtra to offer court appearances, even for simple  mentions or adjournments. These appearances helped me gain visibility and build trust.  Gradually, I started receiving direct briefs and appellate work. 

    My first office was a modest 4×8 sq. ft. space in Yeshwant Chambers near Kala Ghoda. I  managed everything from filing, setting up a library to client meetings personally. I also  appeared in matters across jurisdictions, MIDC property disputes in Ankleshwar, revenue  entries before Tehsildars in Jalgaon, and DV Act matters in Vasai. I even had the opportunity  to appear in PMLA and Economic Offences Wing matters. These diverse experiences added to  my procedural agility before I eventually streamlined my focus on the Bombay High Court and  City Civil Court. 

    Those early years, though uncertain, taught me resilience, the value of consistency, and the  importance of professional relationships, all of which remain central to my practice today. 

    You’ve represented both high-profile individuals and corporate clients. How do you  balance legal strategy with media attention and client confidentiality so that the integrity  of the case isn’t compromised by public narratives or media trials? 

    Legal strategy must always be rooted in facts and law. However, in an age of media trials,  perception management becomes a necessary adjunct. Often, public narratives overshadow  judicial processes, which can unfairly influence outcomes or reputation. 

    In a world of deepfakes and viral outrage on Instagram, WhatsApp and X (formerly Twitter),  courtroom integrity matters more than ever. Public biases whether toward ultra-high net worth  individuals or marginalized communities are amplified. Blind faith in authority, or public  outrage, can distort the legal lens. My goal is to maintain faith in the judicial process and focus  on the courtroom while maintaining a strict code of discretion. The courtroom, not the comment  section, is where justice belongs.  

    In my experience with high-profile matters, media attention peaks during accusations but  dramatically drops once a favorable order is obtained. That’s why strategic restraint is often  more powerful than a soundbite. 

    I believe the only legitimate forum for justice is the courtroom. Media narratives can’t be  controlled, but they should never dictate strategy. While the clients may feel anxious, a lawyer  ought not to. With preparation, discretion, and a client-first focus, we safeguard both legal and  reputational interests. 

    As head of the Litigation & Dispute Resolution practice at Regstreet Law Advisors, how do you approach complex regulatory disputes in rapidly evolving sectors such as  competition law, especially considering your involvement in the landmark litigation  against Reliance Jio? 

    Regulatory disputes require a unique blend of legal depth, policy awareness, and sectoral  insight. At Regstreet, we adopt a layered approach, combining doctrinal legal strategy with  industry expertise and real-time regulatory updates.

    I’m supported by a remarkable team of associates whose diligence ensures that factual  accuracy, procedural compliance, and early-stage preparation are solid. This foundation allows  me to focus on broader strategy and advocacy. 

    Mr. Sumit Agrawal, our Managing Partner, has been an invaluable mentor. His regulatory  background as a former SEBI officer allows him to anticipate the thought process of  prosecuting authorities – insight that has shaped my litigation instincts and strategic outlook. Our philosophy is clear: respect the regulator, understand the sector, and advocate with clarity. 

    In the Reliance Jio case, I represented one of the respondents in the writ petition and the original  complainant before the CCI. The matter involved allegations of cartelisation to deny Points of  Interconnection (POIs) and delay Reliance Jio’s market entry. Being part of that matter so early  in my independent practice and arguing alongside some of the most eminent names in the legal  profession was transformative. It reinforced my faith in preparation, consistency, and  perseverance. 

    With growing legal scrutiny on digital platforms, how do you balance the defence of  artistic freedom with the legal thresholds of defamation and public sentiment in media  law cases? 

    Balancing artistic freedom with legal thresholds requires a constitutionally grounded yet  sensitive approach. A recent matter involved a stand-up comedian who made remarks about a  political leader. While some viewed the act as satire protected under Article 19(1)(a), others  saw it as defamatory. This divergence typifies the legal tightrope in media law. 

    In one case, I represented an artist (a well-known comedian) whose show faced an injunction  on the grounds of hurting religious sentiments. The Hon’ble Delhi High Court dismissed the  plea, allowing the show to be released. That experience affirmed the strength of our democracy and  the judiciary’s role in balancing expression with accountability. 

    Ultimately, the independence of our courts allows satire and expression to coexist with  legitimate legal recourse. In handling such cases, we focus on ensuring the content stays within  legal bounds while vigorously defending freedom of expression. 

    You’ve been actively involved in legal education, teaching business and media law, and  engaging with students through workshops and seminars. What is your motivation  behind taking up this role and what key advice would you offer young legal professionals  entering the field today? 

    My involvement in legal education stems from a simple but pressing need to bridge the gap  between what law schools teach and what legal practice actually demands. The endless debates of NLU vs. non-NLU, Tier 1 vs. boutique, money vs. exposure are increasingly irrelevant. The  real game is about learning faster than the world changes. It’s about upskilling every single  day.  

    Statutes and case law are taught well in classrooms. But what about courtroom craft? The  silence before an objection? The art of managing client trust or decoding what’s unsaid in a  negotiation? These are rarely part of the syllabus, yet central to practice. Through lectures and  workshops, we practitioners try to fill in those blanks to make legal education more holistic,  grounded, and practice-ready. 

    Teaching, for me, isn’t just a way of giving back. It keeps me intellectually agile, sharpens my  thinking, and refreshes my perspective. Being around young minds curious, unfiltered, and  sometimes irreverent is energizing. It also ensures I stay tuned in to emerging thought and even  pop culture, which often influences how the law is perceived and applied.  

    My advice to young professionals? Focus on substance. Master procedural law, contracts,  evidence, and constitutional principles. Explore internships widely, be it litigation, corporate or policy to discover your true calling. Build a reputation for reliability, not just credentials.  Law is a marathon, not a sprint. Stay curious, stay adaptable and most importantly, stay  grounded. 

    Further, as Artificial Intelligence evolves, legal practice must evolve with it. The issue isn’t the  use of ChatGPT or Deepseek – it’s a powerful tool, and we must embrace it. But no matter how  advanced technology becomes, it cannot replace the value of human judgment, analysing the  source of law or using your strategic insight. We must continue to apply our minds, not just  automate our outputs or look for a “template”. The real edge will always lie in how well we  integrate emerging tools while staying true to the craft. 

    Law is a marathon. It requires adaptability, resilience, and lifelong learning. As Steve Jobs  said, “Stay hungry, stay foolish” – a mantra that resonates deeply in the legal profession. 

    With a demanding career that spans high-stakes litigation, teaching, and public  speaking, how do you maintain a sense of personal balance and well-being? What  practices or routines help you sustain performance without burnout? 

    Litigation demands mental stamina, emotional composure, and the ability to stay sharp at all  times. But clarity doesn’t come from constant motion, it requires deliberate pauses. I make it a  point to disconnect periodically. Without that reset, it’s easy to slip into autopilot, and litigation  is no place for mechanical thinking. Strategy needs space. 

    At Regstreet, we believe in celebrating the process, whether it’s watching a film together,  attending a play, or unwinding at a concert after a long matter. These shared moments go a  long way in keeping the team grounded and cohesive. 

    Cricket has been a personal outlet. I’ve had the privilege of playing for and leading the Bombay  High Court team in several tournaments. It’s more than a game; it’s a way to channel focus,  discipline, and camaraderie. I also turn to theatre, trekking, cooking, and cinema to recharge.  Saturdays are usually reserved for such pursuits, while Sundays often involve preparing for the  week ahead. 

    Teaching, too, is a form of balance. It renews my intellectual curiosity and gives me space to  reflect beyond the courtroom. 

    Everyone’s rhythm is different. For me, personal well-being isn’t an indulgence – it’s a  professional investment. It’s what keeps the passion alive and the performance sustainable.

    Get in touch with Abhineet Pange –

  • “As a lawyer, I have the chance to advocate for people’s rights, help those who need it most, and work toward a fairer society.” – Sudipto Sircar, Advocate-on-Record at Supreme Court of India

    “As a lawyer, I have the chance to advocate for people’s rights, help those who need it most, and work toward a fairer society.” – Sudipto Sircar, Advocate-on-Record at Supreme Court of India

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Your legal journey spans nearly a decade, during which you’ve handled a wide array of cases. Could you share what initially drew you to the field of law and if there were any particular experiences or influences that guided you toward this path?

    When I reflect on my journey into law, I can’t point to one single moment or experience that set me on this path. It was more like a gradual, almost magnetic pull. You could say it was a slow evolution, starting from my desire to pursue a career in journalism after my 10th class board exams. At one point, I was seriously thinking about a career in music – I’ve always loved playing the bass guitar, and during my final school years, I would practice for hours, often losing track of time and neglecting my studies and preparations for the law entrance exams. There were nights when I’d be lost in my music, while my textbooks sat untouched.

    But then came a pivotal moment. One evening, my father sat me down with a look of concern and said, “You need to make a decision. Choose a path.” And that was the wake-up call I needed. Sure, I still play the bass with as much passion as ever – it’s my way to unwind after a busy day in the courtroom. By day, I’m a lawyer, and by night, I’m a bassist. It’s quite the balance, one that keeps me grounded and inspired.

    What draws me to law is its ability to make a real difference. As a lawyer, I have the chance to advocate for people’s rights, help those who need it most, and work toward a fairer society. It’s not always glamorous, and it’s definitely not as simple and straightforward as it might seem from the outside—there are challenges, frustrations, and setbacks along the way. But despite all that, it’s about using the law to level the playing field, ensuring everyone is heard and treated fairly. At the end of the day, it’s about creating tangible change, and that’s something I find deeply fulfilling.

    In the early stages of your career, working as an associate must have been a valuable learning experience. Having worked with big names, could you highlight a few key lessons or insights that significantly shaped your understanding of the law and contributed to your professional growth?

    I say now in hindsight, particularly for pursuing a long-term career in litigation, but the hardest (and the most important) part of starting your journey in this profession is finding and joining a good Chamber. It can literally decide the course and quality of your career. Honestly, being a first-generation lawyer, I did not have this understanding at the time, but I am grateful as to how life has worked out. I have had the good fortune of working under Mr. A.D.N. Rao (he was an Advocate-on-Record during my days under him) and Mr. Shyam Divan, Senior Advocate, and it has been (and continues to be) an amazing journey.

    If I had to highlight the key lessons I’ve learned, it would be threefold. First, it all comes down to hard work. It’s not always easy, and yes, it means sacrificing weekends and putting in long hours. But the more you give, the faster you learn. It’s the foundation for everything that follows.

    Second, embrace the diversity of work, especially when you’re just starting out. The more varied your tasks, the broader your understanding of the field. It’s in the variety that you truly grow.

    And lastly, be ready to take responsibility for your mistakes, no matter how tough it is. Whether it’s a scolding from a senior over a drafting error or a misstep in court, don’t let it bruise your ego. Mistakes will happen—there’s no way around it. What matters is acknowledging them, learning from them, and using those lessons to become better. Every mistake is a step forward if you let it teach you.

    Having appeared before both the Supreme Court of India and several High Courts, you’ve dealt with a wide range of legal issues. How do you approach preparation for such high-stakes cases, especially those requiring in-depth legal analysis and argumentation? What’s one crucial skill you believe every legal professional should cultivate early in their career?

    When preparing for high-stakes cases, especially those requiring complex legal analysis, my approach is grounded in thoroughness and meticulous planning. First, I immerse myself in the facts of the case—ensuring that I fully understand every detail before moving to the legal aspects. I believe that every great argument begins with understanding the context. Once I have that, I turn to the law itself—scouring precedents, statutes, and legal commentary. I approach each piece of research with a critical eye, looking for nuances that might not be immediately obvious but could make or break an argument.

    Beyond the legal research, I focus on refining my arguments by simulating different scenarios and anticipating possible challenges. This helps me stay flexible and confident in court, ensuring that I can respond effectively to unexpected questions or shifts in direction. 

    As for one crucial skill, I would say it’s the ability to think critically and analytically. Developing the habit of breaking down problems into their core components and approaching them with a clear, logical mindset is essential. This skill doesn’t just help in court—it’s what will guide you through the toughest cases and the most complicated legal challenges. Cultivating this skill early in your career will set the foundation for everything else that follows.

    Your practice covers a wide spectrum of areas, including compliance, agreement drafting, IPR protection, and more. Looking back, what has been the most challenging case you’ve worked on, and what strategies did you employ to navigate the complexities of that matter?

    There have definitely been many challenging cases! And let’s be honest, the definition of a “challenge” evolves as you grow. When I first joined the Bar, even my first appearance before the Supreme Court (just a mentioning, mind you) felt like a monumental task. Now, after a few years, I’ve worked on plenty of complex matters, so the “challenge” isn’t necessarily in the complexity anymore—it’s more about maintaining the same level of attention and quality across every case. It’s like trying to keep your enthusiasm for a TV show after the 10th season… You just have to keep the energy up!

    But if I had to pick one instance that stands out, it would have to be the Ram Mandir dispute. It was my first day under Shyam Divan Sir, and he handed me the small task of diving straight into over 200 volumes of pleadings and evidence. And, mind you, this was pre-COVID days—so we’re talking about physical volumes here, the kind that could double as gym equipment. And later, it turned out that by the end of the week, I was required to prepare the first draft of the Written Submissions. 

    Needless to say, I ended up spending my nights in the office, burning the midnight oil every day from the very first week. And honestly, I loved every minute of it. I was grateful for the trust Shyam Sir had placed in me, and I was determined not to let him down. Looking back, I can confidently say that it was one of the most intense but fulfilling experiences of my career. If you ask me now, I wouldn’t trade that first week in his Chamber for anything!

    In your advisory role with various companies, especially in the telecom sector, you deal with a constantly changing regulatory landscape. What are some of the biggest challenges you face in this area, and how do you navigate the evolving regulations to ensure compliance?

    The biggest challenge is keeping up with the ever-changing regulatory landscape. It’s like trying to catch up with a moving train, except the train keeps changing direction and speed. The simple solution I’ve found is to read—constantly. I devour multiple newspapers and magazines (and thank goodness for Magzter, which has been a lifesaver for both domestic and international updates), and I make it a point to regularly check the websites of regulatory bodies. They’re the first to spill the tea, so I’ve got to be there.

    But beyond just staying updated, ensuring compliance is a constant back-and-forth with various departments. I’ll admit, it’s like trying to decode a puzzle at times, but the experience has generally been positive. Most bureaucrats, when approached with an issue, are surprisingly understanding and willing to help clarify things. They get that regulations can be tricky, and they’re usually happy to work towards a solution. I always tell my clients to steer clear of litigation unless absolutely necessary. With regulatory work, litigation should always be the last resort—sort of like trying to use a sledgehammer to crack a nut. It’s far more effective to talk it through first.

    Your work in environmental law, particularly as assisting the Amicus Curiae in major Supreme Court cases, speaks to your deep commitment to this field. What first sparked your interest in environmental litigation, and what drives you to keep contributing to this area? Furthermore, how do you assess the evolution of environmental jurisprudence in India, particularly in the context of judicial interpretations of laws like the Forest Conservation Act and the Environmental Protection Act?

    To be honest, I didn’t set out to specialize in environmental law or mining law when I first entered the profession—it just happened. It all started because Mr. A.D.N. Rao is the Amicus Curiae in several landmark environmental cases [T.N. Godavarman Case (Forest Conservation Case), M.C. Mehta (Taj Trapezium Case), Goa Foundation (Goa Mining Case), Common Cause (Orissa Mining) and Samaj Parivartana (Karnataka Mining Case)]. He was also very active before the National Green Tribunal. So naturally, I was more than happy to assist him in these high-profile cases. It was chaos, but it was one heck of a learning experience. Mr. Shyam Divan is also the Senior Amicus in Samaj Parivartana.

    Fast forward, when I joined Mr. Shyam Divan’s chamber, my work on Samaj Parivartana continued. In fact, some of my colleague’s joke that this case is what officially got me into the Chamber, since it’s how Shyam Sir got to know me—thanks to my constant presence at briefings with A.D.N. Sir. Alongside that, under Shyam Sir, I also became heavily involved in the Krishna and Cauvery River water disputes, which was a whole new world of learning.

    Through all of this, I can now confidently say I’ve by now internalized environmental law, mining law, and water disputes law. All the major judgments and orders from these cases are by now permanently etched in my brain.

    As for the evolution of environmental jurisprudence in India, I think we’re entering a new phase. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, right up until 2014-2015, the Supreme Court was basically the environmental superhero, swooping in with orders and directions that the government had to follow— It was practically the Court which was running the show.

    But now? Things are shifting. This new phase sees the Court stepping back a bit. Why? Well, for one, many of the major environmental issues the Court was grappling with have been resolved or are winding down. Secondly, we now have a dedicated Environmental Tribunal, which takes up a lot of the heavy lifting that the Supreme Court used to earlier. And, of course, the government is playing its part too, providing more clarity in compliance—though some might argue that this clarity is more developer-friendly than environment-friendly, but that’s a debate for another day.

    The bottom line is, the Court has moved from being the enforcer of environmental laws to more of a law interpreter, and I think it’s striking a balance between being pro-environment and pro-development. It’s no longer just the hammer; it’s more like the guide. And I think the Court is doing a good job of maintaining an equilibrium.

    Enforcing occupational health and safety regulations in India, particularly with respect to the OSH&WC Code, 2020, presents several challenges. From your perspective, what are the key hurdles in ensuring effective enforcement of these regulations? Additionally, could you shed light on your role as a legal consultant in finalizing the standards under the OSH&WC Code, and how your involvement helped shape these regulations?

    The biggest hurdle in enforcing the OSH&WC Code? Well, it’s like trying to run a marathon with one shoe—it’s all about infrastructure and resources. On the bureaucratic side, there are still far too many vacancies in government departments, and that’s not changing anytime soon. On the industry side, especially in the MSME sector, it’s a whole other ballgame. Large corporations can foot the bill for compliance, but for micro and small enterprises? It’s like throwing another weight onto an already overloaded backpack. And let’s not forget, many of these enterprises operate in the informal sector, which only makes enforcement more challenging. This has been a long-standing issue, and there is no quick-fix magic wand in the Code or the regulations that will suddenly solve it overnight.

    As for my role as a legal consultant, I was brought in when the regulations were getting fine-tuned for submission to the Ministry. And let me tell you, it was a race against time. I practically set up camp at the Headquarters of the Director General Factory Advice Service & Labour Institute (DGFASLI) in Bombay for an entire week. It was me and a team of experts from across the country, working long hours, getting up at the crack of dawn and going till evening, vetting every line of the regulations. We worked even during the weekend. But the real fun for me began when the day’s work was over. I stayed up late into the night fixing all the errors and amendments we had discussed for the portion that was completed, so that the next day, there was an updated draft before the team to confirm and finalise.

    On the first night, the DGFASLI staff got a bit of a shock to find me still working past regular office hours into the night. The night guard practically kicked me out of the building so that he could lock up. So the next day, I spoke to the Director and got permission to keep a room in the main building open and running with the guard staying awake to lock up after me. I am pretty sure he was cursing his luck to be stuck with me at night, but hey, we got the job done!

    But in the end, it wasn’t just about hitting deadlines—it was about shaping regulations that could make a real difference and make life a little easier for everyone in the industry. Sure, there were some late nights and a few cups of coffee that felt more like lifelines, but the experience was fulfilling, and I’m proud to have played a part in it.

    With increasing focus on technology, sustainability, and corporate responsibility, how do you see the future of environmental law and occupational safety evolving in the next decade? What emerging trends do you think young lawyers should be preparing for? Also, what advice would you offer to young professionals aspiring to excel in law, particularly in fields you’re deeply engaged with?

    If you asked me what’s changed the most in environmental law, I’d say it’s paper. Pre-COVID, we were practically drowning in it, with piles of pleadings that could take over entire tables, with additional mini towers on the side. Big environmental litigations often run into thousands of pages. But with e-filing and PDFs taking over, paper use has drastically reduced. It’s still a bit of an adjustment for me. I still prefer scribbling down notes on paper with a pen during final arguments, but overall it’s better for the environment, and the back and arms, which were practically crying from the weight of all those files. 

    Looking ahead, I see compliance becoming even more central to environmental law and occupational safety. With technology, sustainability, and corporate responsibility gaining traction, the pressure to comply with environmental standards will only increase. Add to that the rise of AI, and we’re looking at a future where regulations and compliance will be handled more efficiently (but no less seriously) than ever before.

    For young lawyers entering this field, I think the biggest trend to prepare for is the shift towards smaller offices. Technology has already made it possible for lawyers to do what used to require an entire team of stenographers, typists, clerks, and assistants. When I started out, if you didn’t have a good stenographer, you were essentially behind the curve. Now, you can draft petitions on your laptop without needing anyone else to type them out. The upside? It means less overhead costs, making it easier for junior advocates to set up their own practice. The downside? Fewer jobs in law chambers, because there’s less need for large teams to manage all the paperwork.

    So, what does this mean for fresh law grads? It means adaptability will be your best friend. If you’re tech-savvy, you’ll have an edge. But, and this is important, you can’t just rely on the machines. AI might help with drafting and research, but nothing beats good old-fashioned brainpower and creativity when it comes to solving legal problems. Similarly, technology may assist with legal procedures, but it can’t replace the art of persuasion or the nuanced skill of court craft. Those come with experience—and time.

    So my advice to young professionals is two-fold: First, be a sponge—absorb as much knowledge as you can, and do it fast. The legal world is changing, and you need to keep pace. Second, as you adapt, don’t forget the fundamentals. Stay curious, stay sharp, and remember that no amount of technology can replace the value of your own thinking. And, of course, no matter how advanced AI gets, it will never be able to match your charm in the courtroom. That’s the stuff that wins cases.

    As both a legal consultant and advocate-on-record, you manage a broad range of responsibilities. How do you maintain a work-life balance in such a demanding profession? Are there particular habits or practices you’ve adopted to stay focused and energized in this high-pressure field?

    It’s tricky, for sure. But I didn’t enter this field by accident—so I’m not about to complain. The reality is, work-life balance in law is more of an ideal than a constant state. It’s hard to achieve it when your schedule is always in flux, whether you’re waiting in court or running to brief a Senior Advocate. There’s also the drafting, vetting, and admin work that’s part of the daily grind.

    But here’s the thing—there will never be enough hours in the day to do everything. So instead of stressing over the balance, I focus on making time for what truly matters. I make sure to spend time with my wife and family, because that’s the best way I know to recharge. I’m also a philatelist, and I try to dedicate at least a little time each week to that hobby, even if it’s just 30 minutes.

    Beyond that, I walk and meditate when I can. Some days I miss them, and that’s okay. But I also use my car rides—whether I’m heading to the office or coming home—as a chance to think through the day ahead or unwind after a busy one.

    So no, I don’t have a perfect “work-life balance” in the typical sense. But I do make time for the things that keep me focused and energized in a profession that demands a lot.

    Get in touch with Sudipto Sircar –

  • Inside the Legal Mind: Navigating the Complexities of Antitrust and Intellectual Property – Dr. Vishnu S. Warrier, Legal Manager at Cochin Shipyard Limited.

    Inside the Legal Mind: Navigating the Complexities of Antitrust and Intellectual Property – Dr. Vishnu S. Warrier, Legal Manager at Cochin Shipyard Limited.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Your remarkable contributions to the legal field are widely recognized. What led you to choose law as a career despite having a background in science? What motivated you to make this shift?

    Thank you so much for your kind words. While my background is in science, I was drawn to law primarily because of the unique freedom and societal impact it offers. Unlike many other professions, law provides the opportunity to engage directly with society and interact with people from diverse walks of life. This ability to affect change, whether by resolving complex issues or advocating for others, truly resonated with me. I found that, in science, while I could contribute through innovation and research, law allows me to apply problem-solving skills in a more immediate and tangible way, often in situations where my services can bring about significant positive change or even happiness for others.

    Moreover, law offers a respected position within society, which is something I deeply value. The idea that legal professionals play a key role in shaping policy, protecting rights, and upholding justice aligns with my desire for a career that combines intellectual challenge with the opportunity to make a real difference. In many ways, law felt like a natural next step for me, allowing me to leverage the analytical and critical thinking skills honed through my science background, while also offering the chance to have a direct and meaningful impact on individuals and communities. 

    After completing law school, you pursued an LLM in Business Law and a PhD in Competition Law. What sparked your interest in these specific areas of law, and how have they influenced and enhanced your professional journey?

    When I completed my undergraduate law studies, I found myself at a crossroads like many of my peers, wondering what direction to take next. I debated whether to enter legal practice or pursue further studies, and if I chose the latter, in which area of law should I specialize? I initially felt some pressure, as many of my friends were pursuing additional qualifications, and I wondered if I was already falling behind.

    However, after careful consideration and introspection, I recognized that my interests were centered around business law related subjects like contracts and intellectual property law. During my final year, I had the opportunity to intern with an IT firm, where I was exposed to contract drafting and gained some insights into the practical applications of intellectual property rights, particularly copyrights and trademarks. This experience sparked a deeper interest in intellectual property law and its potential for specialization.

    I began to understand the value of pursuing a more niche area of law, and this led me to focus on business law as my primary interest. After speaking with my professors and industry professionals, I decided to pursue a Master of Laws (LL.M) with a specialization in Business Law, with a focus on Intellectual Property Law as well. I was fortunate to be admitted to NLIU, Bhopal, through the CLAT, which provided me with a solid foundation for my further studies.

    The two years of my LL.M were transformative. I had the privilege of learning from professors who deeply influenced my career, particularly Dr. GS Bajpai and Dr. Vinod Dixit. Dr. Bajpai ignited my passion for legal research, while Dr. Dixit played a key role in honing my research skills and guiding my LL.M dissertation, which explored the intersection of Intellectual Property and Competition Law.

    During my time at NLIU, I also had the opportunity to intern with Luthra & Luthra, where I assisted in competition law matters. This experience introduced me to the emerging field of competition law in India and further piqued my interest. Since then, competition law has become a key area of my professional passion and expertise. Recognizing the potential of this relatively new area of law, I decided to deepen my expertise and eventually pursued a PhD in Competition Law. 

    With over 14 years of experience as an in-house legal counsel, what have been some of the most valuable lessons you’ve learned from providing legal support to business operations? Can you share an example of a particularly challenging case you’ve worked on and how you approached it?

    As an in-house legal counsel, I have gained several key insights over the years that have been invaluable to my role. One of the most critical lessons is the importance of understanding the company’s business strategy. Legal counsel must go beyond merely interpreting the law; it is essential to integrate our advice within the broader business context. By aligning legal decisions with the company’s goals and objectives, I am able to provide solutions that are not only legally sound but also practically feasible, ensuring that the business can thrive.

    Another essential insight is the understanding that risk management is more important than risk avoidance. Effective legal support is not about eliminating all risks, as some degree of risk is unavoidable and even necessary for business growth and innovation. Instead, my role is to help the company navigate these risks in a way that minimizes potential harm while still allowing for the pursuit of opportunities and business goals. It’s about striking the right balance.

    Additionally, effective communication has proven to be a vital skill. Translating complex legal concepts into clear, actionable advice is critical, as many business stakeholders may not have a deep legal background. It is my responsibility to ensure that legal implications are communicated in a way that is understandable and actionable. Whether addressing compliance requirements or explaining the potential consequences of a business decision, my aim is to make legal advice accessible and valuable to the team.

    Collaboration across different functions has also been one of the most rewarding aspects of my role. Working closely with teams from finance, operations, marketing, and other departments allows me to better understand their priorities and challenges. By being a trusted partner to these teams, I can provide timely and relevant legal support, helping to anticipate potential issues before they escalate.

    Agility and solution-oriented thinking are also key components of being an effective in-house counsel. The business environment is constantly evolving, and I’ve learned to be flexible and adaptable in my approach. Legal solutions must evolve alongside the business, and I strive to find practical solutions to legal challenges. Rather than just identifying potential risks, I aim to contribute to finding solutions that propel the business forward.

    A preventive approach to law has also been one of the most valuable contributions I can make as in-house counsel. By drafting clear contracts, setting up strong internal processes, and offering regular compliance training, I help mitigate potential risks before they become issues. This proactive approach to legal matters helps the business avoid costly disputes and safeguard its reputation.

    Negotiation and diplomacy are critical in my role. Whether I’m involved in contract discussions, dispute resolution, or forming strategic partnerships, it’s crucial to understand the broader context of each negotiation. By recognizing what each party values and finding common ground, I can facilitate agreements that protect the company’s interests while fostering positive, long-term relationships.

    Further, commitment to upholding high standards of compliance and ethics is fundamental to the role of an in-house legal counsel. Ensuring that the company adheres to legal requirements and maintains ethical conduct is essential, especially in industries with complex regulatory environments. Non-compliance can lead to serious legal and reputational risks, so maintaining strict standards is critical to safeguarding the company’s integrity and success.

    I would say that; the role of in-house legal counsel extends far beyond simply providing legal advice. It involves understanding the business, working collaboratively with various departments, and offering practical, solution-oriented legal guidance that supports the organisation’s growth while safeguarding its interests.

    One of the most challenging aspects of my role as in-house legal counsel is navigating the delicate balance between the commercial interests of the organization and our unwavering commitment to legal compliance and ethical practices. In situations like these, it’s crucial to maintain alignment with the company’s goals while ensuring that we don’t compromise on our legal and ethical obligations.

    A key challenge often arises when the business is eager to pursue new opportunities or aggressive growth strategies. These initiatives may involve areas where the legal framework is either ambiguous or highly regulated, creating potential compliance risks. My approach in such cases has been to fully understand the commercial objective behind the decision, and then work closely with the relevant business stakeholders to ensure that the legal risks are clearly identified and communicated.

    Rather than simply telling the business “no” or “this can’t be done,” I strive to offer alternative solutions that satisfy both the commercial intent and legal requirements. For example, when dealing with regulatory compliance or complex contractual terms, I work collaboratively with finance, operations, and other departments to design agreements or strategies that mitigate legal risk while allowing the business to move forward. This may involve structuring deals in a way that complies with the law, negotiating terms that ensure compliance without hindering business flexibility, or even identifying ways to structure the business’ operations so they remain compliant without disrupting its goals.

    One critical component in maintaining this balance is effective communication. I make it a point to explain not just the “what” and “how” of legal compliance, but also the “why”. When business leaders and teams understand the legal rationale behind compliance and ethical guidelines, they are more likely to support and adopt these measures without feeling that they are inhibiting the company’s growth. This transparency also helps to build a culture of compliance within the organization, where legal considerations are viewed as integral to the company’s long-term success rather than as a barrier.

    Ultimately, my goal is to find practical solutions that protect the organization’s commercial interests while also ensuring that we uphold the highest standards of legal compliance and ethical conduct. Balancing these priorities requires constant vigilance, clear communication, and a solution-oriented mindset that supports both business growth and responsible risk management.

    As an author of numerous books and articles, you’ve addressed various facets of India’s competition law landscape. With the rapid advancement of technology and the rise of digital markets, how do you envision competition law evolving to address challenges such as anti-competitive practices in the tech industry?

    As a student of law and research enthusiast who has had the privilege of studying India’s competition law landscape, I believe that the digital revolution and the rapid advancements in technology, especially the rise of big data, will play a critical role in shaping the future of competition law. With technology playing an increasingly dominant role in every sector, competition law must adapt to address new challenges, particularly in the tech industry where anti-competitive practices often thrive.

    The surge in data-driven business models has fundamentally altered the dynamics of competition. Tech giants like Google, Facebook, and Amazon have not only redefined how we interact with digital platforms but also consolidated immense power by controlling vast amounts of data. This concentration of data is creating a new form of dominance, with the potential to distort competition in ways that traditional antitrust frameworks were not designed to address.

    As companies harness data to gain insights and optimize their operations, they inadvertently or deliberately use it as a tool to entrench market dominance. Practices such as exclusionary tactics, discriminatory pricing, and even data-driven collusion are becoming more commonplace, potentially stifling innovation and preventing smaller competitors from gaining a foothold in the market. These practices represent a growing challenge for regulators who must balance fostering innovation with ensuring a level playing field.

    Moreover, the regulatory landscape in India and globally is lagging behind the speed of technological change. Traditional competition law, which primarily focuses on market shares and pricing strategies, must evolve to encompass the unique characteristics of digital markets. The key concern is how we can regulate the misuse of data to preserve both competition and privacy without stifling the very innovation that drives the tech sector forward.

    One of the critical areas that require immediate attention is the abuse of data dominance. When a dominant player in the market collects and controls vast amounts of personal data, it can create barriers for entry and exert undue control over consumers. This can lead to harmful outcomes, such as reduced consumer choice, unfair pricing, and monopolistic behavior. Regulatory bodies must address these issues by not only enforcing traditional competition laws but also developing new frameworks that take data and its role in market dynamics into account.

    I envision the future of competition law evolving through a combination of enhanced enforcement mechanisms, clearer data governance policies, and greater international cooperation. Strengthened regulatory measures can ensure that dominant players cannot leverage their data advantage to undermine competition. These measures must be agile and responsive, given the rapidly changing nature of digital markets.

    Moreover, empowering consumers through transparency and control over their personal data is a key component of a fair and accountable ecosystem. Consumers must be able to understand how their data is being used, have the ability to exercise their rights, and be protected from unfair practices. This empowerment, combined with robust enforcement of competition laws, will help create a more competitive and ethical digital environment.

    Addressing anti-competitive practices in the tech industry, particularly in the era of big data, requires a multi-faceted approach. Competition law must evolve to deal with the complexities of data dominance, market power, and the ethical use of information. By fostering innovation while ensuring fair competition, we can create a balanced, dynamic digital ecosystem that promotes consumer welfare, protects individual rights, and drives responsible technological advancement. It will take collaboration among regulators, businesses, and consumers to navigate this complex landscape, but by doing so, we can ensure a thriving and equitable digital future.

    Your academic and professional achievements are impressive, and your research contributions are highly regarded. What drives you to keep writing and publishing in such a demanding field, and how do you manage to balance these scholarly endeavours with your professional commitments?

    Thank you for your kind words. I am deeply grateful to my teachers, who played a pivotal role in shaping my research skills. As I mentioned earlier, my areas of interest are centered around corporate law, particularly antitrust law. I firmly believe that professionals should focus on emerging areas within their field, as this not only accelerates career growth but also opens doors for new opportunities. I was fortunate to begin my research in competition law just as India’s new antitrust legislation was coming into effect, which created a wealth of learning possibilities.

    It is worth noting that publication requirements, such as the two articles needed for Ph.D. programs, were a key catalyst in increasing my publication output. While I had already published a few articles and three books before enrolling in my Ph.D., the pace of article publication certainly increased after my Ph.D. enrolment. As I mentioned earlier, exploring emerging areas and contributing to them not only enriches one’s work but also ensures that contributions are recognized in the academic community.

    As for managing the balance between scholarly pursuits and professional commitments, this is a question I often encounter. Striking that balance can be challenging, but with the right strategies, it is certainly achievable. The first step is to clarify both your academic and professional goals. Understanding your priorities allows you to allocate your time and energy effectively, ensuring that both areas progress according to your long-term vision.

    Next, I recommend developing a structured schedule that accommodates both academic deadlines and professional responsibilities. Time-blocking is a useful technique to ensure dedicated time for each, so that neither area encroaches on the other. Prioritizing tasks based on deadlines and significance will also help in staying on track.

    Leveraging flexibility within both your academic and professional roles can also be incredibly beneficial. Open communication with your employer about important academic periods can lead to accommodations that allow for better focus on research. Likewise, delegating certain tasks in the workplace can free up valuable time for scholarly work. Similarly, in academia, delegating aspects of your research projects where possible can help manage workload effectively.

    Setting boundaries is essential to prevent feeling overwhelmed. Learning to say no, or negotiating timelines, helps to ensure that you do not overburden yourself. Being mindful of your limits and allowing yourself to shift focus between commitments is key. Where possible, integrating your academic work with your professional role can streamline both efforts. If your scholarly pursuits align with your job, you can create synergies that reduce the effort required to manage them separately.

    Self-care is another critical aspect. Regular breaks, exercise, and relaxation are necessary for maintaining productivity and overall well-being. Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness, can help you stay focused and prevent burnout, ensuring that both your academic and professional commitments remain sustainable.

    Utilizing technology to stay organized is also invaluable. Digital tools like calendars, task managers, and note-taking apps are excellent for keeping track of deadlines and responsibilities, helping ensure nothing is overlooked. Lastly, it’s important to be realistic about your capacity. Some periods will require more attention to either your academic or professional life, and it’s essential to adjust expectations accordingly. Don’t hesitate to scale back when necessary to avoid compromising the quality of your work in either area.

    Seeking support from mentors, colleagues, and academic advisors can provide the guidance needed to navigate the complexities of balancing both domains. Clear communication and mutual understanding can provide flexibility and insight, helping to manage the dual responsibilities effectively. By prioritizing tasks, setting boundaries, practicing self-care, and leveraging available resources, balancing scholarly and professional commitments can be achieved without overwhelming oneself.

    What are the most important elements of intellectual property management that you discuss in one of your works, and why is it critical for businesses to adopt effective IP management strategies?

    In one of my works, I discuss several key elements of intellectual property (IP) management that businesses must consider to effectively safeguard their innovations and sustain a competitive edge. These elements include IP identification, protection, commercialization, and enforcement, all of which are crucial to ensuring the longevity and profitability of intellectual assets.

    The first step in effective IP management is identifying the intellectual assets within an organization. This involves recognizing innovations, trademarks, patents, and other creative works that could be protected under IP laws. It is essential for businesses to have a clear understanding of what constitutes IP within their operations so that valuable assets are not inadvertently overlooked. Without this identification, businesses risk losing control over critical innovations.

    Once IP is identified, the next step is protection. This involves taking the necessary legal measures to secure patents, trademarks, or confidentiality agreements to guard against potential infringement. IP protection forms the foundation of any IP strategy, as it ensures that competitors cannot copy or exploit these innovations, thereby maintaining the business’s unique position in the market.

    Following protection, businesses must look to commercialize their IP. This can be achieved through licensing agreements, partnerships, or the development of new products and services. Effective commercialization not only helps businesses generate revenue but also expands their market presence, turning intellectual property into a powerful revenue stream.

    However, protection and commercialization alone are not sufficient. Enforcement is equally critical. Businesses must be proactive in monitoring the market for potential infringements of their IP and be prepared to take legal action if necessary. This vigilant enforcement ensures that the value of intellectual assets is not undermined, providing companies with the legal standing to defend their innovations.

    Adopting robust IP management strategies is vital for businesses for several reasons. Intellectual property often represents a significant intangible asset, forming the cornerstone of a company’s competitive advantage. Without proper management, businesses risk losing control over their innovations and missing out on opportunities to capitalize on them. Furthermore, effective IP management creates barriers to entry for competitors, helping companies maintain market dominance while fostering a culture of continuous innovation.

    In today’s interconnected global marketplace, businesses are increasingly vulnerable to IP theft or unauthorized use. By implementing sound IP management practices, companies can protect their assets, avoid costly legal disputes, and ensure long-term growth and sustainability. Ultimately, IP management is not just about protecting ideas; it is about strategically leveraging those ideas to drive innovation, revenue, and competitive strength.

    As the founder of Lex-Warrier Law Journal and a frequent speaker at various conferences, what advice would you give to law students aiming to excel in both the legal profession and legal research? Additionally, what resources would you recommend to them to stay informed about the latest developments in the field of competition law?

    My advice to them would be twofold: cultivate a deep commitment to continuous learning and actively seek out opportunities for hands-on experience.

    First, in terms of legal research, I would advise students to focus on building a strong foundation in research methodology. The ability to critically analyze case law, statutes, and legal theories is indispensable in any legal career. However, it’s equally important to develop skills in synthesizing complex legal issues and presenting them in clear, concise writing. Law journals, like Lex-Warrier, provide an excellent platform for students in their initial phase to publish their research and get their work noticed by a wider audience. My advice is to regularly contribute to such journals, not only to gain exposure but also to hone your writing and analytical skills.

    Secondly, practical experience is key to excelling in the legal profession. I strongly recommend that law students seek internships, clerkships, or volunteer work with law firms, judges, or in-house legal departments. These experiences help bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application, providing valuable insights into the practice of law. Engaging in moot courts, debates, and legal competitions is also a great way to sharpen practical skills and build confidence.

    To excel in competition law, law students should try to stay updated with the latest developments in the field. The dynamic nature of competition law, with its evolving regulatory frameworks and landmark decisions, demands that professionals remain informed.

    I recommend the following resources for staying up-to-date:

    1. Legal Journals and Publications: Regularly reading law journals which provides access to the latest scholarly articles, case law, and regulatory developments in competition law.
    2. Official Websites: Staying connected with institutions like the Competition Commission of India (CCI) and the European Commission’s competition department is crucial. These websites offer updates on policies, decisions, and ongoing cases that shape the competition law landscape.
    3. Books and Treatises: Foundational texts on competition law, such as those by notable scholars like Richard Whish or Eleanor M. Fox, offer in-depth insights into the principles and nuances of competition law, while also serving as reference points for research and practice.
    4. Webinars and Conferences: Actively participating in webinars, conferences, and seminars, whether in person or virtual, is an invaluable way to engage with the legal community and learn directly from experts. Being a frequent speaker myself, I believe these platforms not only offer learning opportunities but also provide students with networking prospects that can be crucial for their careers.

    By combining a strong commitment to academic excellence, practical exposure, and consistent engagement with the latest industry resources, law students can position themselves to excel both in the legal profession and in legal research, particularly in specialized areas like competition law.

    After managing such demanding professional responsibilities, how do you unwind and relax? Do your hobbies, like chess and cricket, provide a mental break, and in what ways do they contribute to your overall well-being?

    For me, engaging in hobbies like chess and cricket plays a significant role in providing that mental break. These activities not only offer a refreshing escape from the intensity of my professional commitments but also contribute meaningfully to my overall well-being.

    Chess is particularly beneficial as it helps me sharpen my focus and strategic thinking. The game requires deep concentration and foresight, which allows me to temporarily step away from legal complexities and immerse myself in a different kind of mental challenge. It also provides a sense of accomplishment when I can improve my skills or solve difficult puzzles. This mental stimulation helps keep my mind agile and balanced, making it easier to return to work with renewed energy and clarity.

    Cricket, on the other hand, is a great physical and social outlet. The game allows me to disconnect from the day-to-day stress of my professional life and enjoy time with friends or colleagues. Whether playing or simply watching, cricket offers a great way to relieve stress and foster a sense of camaraderie. Physical activity, whether through a casual match or just active participation, is also essential in promoting physical health, which in turn supports to maintain a stress-free mind.

    Both of these hobbies serve as valuable tools for maintaining equilibrium in my life. They provide a structured yet enjoyable way to switch gears, reducing the risk of burnout and improving my productivity when I return to my professional responsibilities. Engaging in activities outside of work also helps me cultivate a sense of joy, creativity, and relaxation, all of which are crucial for maintaining long-term well-being and success.

    Get in touch with Dr. Vishnu S. Warrier –

  • “Nothing comes free in this world. In this profession you have to do the smart work in addition to the hard work” – Dr. Venkat Reddy Donthi Reddy, Senior Advocate at High Court of Telangana.

    “Nothing comes free in this world. In this profession you have to do the smart work in addition to the hard work” – Dr. Venkat Reddy Donthi Reddy, Senior Advocate at High Court of Telangana.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    From the Indian Air Force to a Senior Advocate, your career transition is fascinating. Can you share the pivotal moment that inspired you to pursue law while serving in the Air Force?  

    As part of my job in the Indian Air Force (1985 to 2003), I was posted as instructor to NCC cadets at Hyderabad (Posted to the unit – No.2 Air NCC t at Hyderabad). I have availed the opportunity to study LLB and LLM in evening college under Osmania University. It was my goal to excel myself in life instead of working under someone. 

    Truly speaking Studying law is not planned. Once I joined the law course, I decided to prove to myself as one of the distinguished advocates across the legal fraternity and public at large.

    You have a Ph.D. in Trademark Law and are actively involved in international intellectual property forums. What new dimensions have you observed in global IPR law, and how can India contribute to these evolving trends?  

    I did my Ph. D in Trademark Law. I have been studying all through my life. I have also done a PG diploma in ADR, PG diploma in Cyber Laws and Intellectual Property Rights, PG diploma in Human Resources Development etc., While doing Ph. D, I have done extensive research on the topic “Law relating to Trademarks in India – A study with special reference to passing off and Infringement of Trademarks”. Some of the suggestions were given to be implemented.

    Attending the various conferences in IPR across the globe viz., INTA (International Trademark Association), AIPPI (International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property), WIPF (World Intellectual Property Rights Forum), GIPC (Global Intellectual Property Convention), APAA (Asian Patent Attorneys Association), MARQUES etc., is of immense help. It enhances the awareness on the subject in different countries. Latest developments happening across the globe and evolution of jurisprudence is being shared. Since the subject of Intellectual Property Rights is global, understanding the developments in the courts across the world is essential.

    The kind of orders, Mareva injunction, Anton pillar order, John doe order and quia timet action etc., are the evolution of new jurisprudence, which are only being heard in IP related matters.

    Contribution of India.:

    On a personal note, abolition of IPAB (Intellectual Property Appellate Board) by Tribunal Reforms Act, is discouraging. Globally, the countries across the world are showing great importance to IPR and contra, the steps taken by the  Government of India are not impressive. Lack of qualified personnel in prosecution of the IPR applications, lack of infrastructure, delay in prosecuting the applications and delay in court proceedings is not encouraging.

    Unfortunately none of the cities in India has got infrastructure to host the seminars/conferences like INTA etc.,

    The Government of India shall.:

    1. Organise seminars/conferences/workshops among the entrepreneurs, judiciary, advocates, technocrats to bring awareness of IPR.
    2. Shall be part of the international conferences.
    3. IPR professionals, Judges and employees working in IPR divisions to be compulsorily trained and made to attend the international and national conferences wherein a lot of knowledge sharing happens.

    As the founder of RVR Associates, you built a successful law firm specializing in IPR and other areas of law. What motivated you to step away from the firm and take up the role of a Senior Advocate at the High Court of Telangana in December 2022? How has this new role enriched your legal journey compared to your experience as a law firm founder?  

    On RVR Associates.:

    Incidentally I have not joined any Senior Advocate or law firm after my enrolment in September 2003 except having undergone the internship for a period of 3 months under Late Srinivasa Murthy, the Trademark agent to understand Trademark Prosecution. As I am interested in litigation, I got associated with my LLM classmate and started the firm by name M/s. RVR Associates, IPR attorneys and advocates. My classmate is no more the partner of the firm.

    The discipline of the Air Force, dedication, hard work and zeal to excel in the field of law were instrumental for my success. Being a late entry into the profession, a lot of challenges were faced by me. Having not worked with any senior advocate and as no one to support in my legal practice, it made me work harder.

    As a Senior Advocate.:

    I believe in strong ethics and morals. Because of the IPR practice chosen by me, I had an occasion to argue against the leading law firms for the Indian Companies (the Defendants) in various courts viz., High Courts at Delhi, Chennai, Bombay, Ahmedabad, Aurangabad, Bangalore, Dharwad, Allahabad, Hyderabad, Amaravathi etc., By my performance and recognition across the legal fraternity, I started appearing for multinational companies (Mostly Plaintiffs). Then I realised the importance of the experience and the role of Senior Advocate. It was my dream to be Senior Advocate. On application made by me in pursuance of the guidelines framed in Indira Jaisingh judgement, I am bestowed with the designation as Senior Advocate by the High court for the state of Telangana in December 2022.

    New role as Senior Advocate.:

    It is tougher to be a Senior Advocate to a person like me. Now I started reading more to upkeep justice. It comes with a lot of responsibility. Occasions, where I have given up some of the briefs, where I am not satisfied with the proposition of law, on which I have to argue. Earning money is not the sole criteria. 

    In principle, I cannot be part of my law firm and accordingly, I got disassociated with the firm sooner I become Senior Advocate in December 2022. The principles laid down, work culture and system created by me is being continued with my colleagues/advocates. I always remain a mentor for them. Now I am getting more time to prepare thoroughly for my briefs. Unfortunately, no one can be a master in every branch of the law. This is only the profession; you need to study till you die. More you become senior, the more work and pressure. Keeping good health is a serious concern for every advocate.

    You have appeared for many prestigious clients across India. Could you share one of your most challenging cases and the key learnings that shaped your approach to advocacy?

    The intellectual calibre of the advocate alone will not bring the results. various court crafts would also be taken into consideration in getting the results to the clients. Understanding the law and mindset of the court is very important, which cannot be ignored.

    For the sake of confidentiality and non-disclosure, I am not disclosing the names of clients and cases and few of the interesting cases are as follows.:

    1. In one of the cases, the court has appreciated the arguments and the legal points raised, the suit is dismissed at the interlocutory stage itself, without any application being filed for such relief.
    1. In one another case, the writ was to be dismissed, as the court was not convinced on the point and arguments rendered. As it is posted for counter and in the meantime, it got posted before another bench, that court has taken a different view being convinced with the arguments and I won the case.
    1. Most of the cases are badly drafted and it would result in losing of the cases despite merits in the case. Several cases are won by me without getting into the merits of the case, due to the bad drafting and the mistakes committed by the other side.
    1. One should have a determined client to support you arguing on a particular proposition of law otherwise, the reputation of the advocate will be at stake.

    You’ve been involved in teaching for over 30 years, lecturing at prestigious universities. How have you seen students and the field of legal education evolve over the years? Additionally, what has teaching law taught you about your own practice, and how has it influenced your legal approach? 

    Teaching is my passion. The students at universities are not taught the practical aspects of law. Practicing in the courts is a different ball game. While I discuss the practical aspects with illustrations and examples, students are benefited. This profession is no more by chance, it is by chance and hence it will be more competitive and encouraging in coming days. Many times, I learnt from the students while they argue effectively in moot court competitions for which we are designated as judges.

    What role do you believe non-governmental organizations like ALERT play in improving access to legal education, and how does your work as its president contribute to the success of aspiring legal professionals?  

    As part of my profession, I do a lot of pro bono cases also. Ignorance of law is not an excuse, if so, all citizens would be taught the basics of law. As an NGO, I feel it is to spread the basics of law among the citizens and downtrodden people. Government colleges are not as equipped in all aspects while compared to the national law schools. The role of NGO plays a vital role.

    You’ve been supporting students in government schools for over 30 years. How has this philanthropic work impacted your perspective on education and community building?  Please share some insights.

    My father was a teacher, and all his students still remember him for his contribution towards his profession and in up bringing of the students in all aspects of life. In his remembrance, I do encourage the students for the last 30 years by motivating and supporting them in their endeavours. Students do not know what they have to do for their career while they complete their 12th standard. Lot of motivation and guidance is required. Sometimes I do engage the professional speakers and motivators to teach them regarding the aspects of life and career.

    With such a vast and varied career, what advice would you give to young lawyers looking to create a successful and meaningful career in law, particularly in intellectual property and other specialized fields?  

    My advice to the aspiring lawyers in Intellectual property cases and specialized fields.:

    1. No substitute for hard work
    2. Stick on to senior/law firm for considerable period of time
    3. Practice at lower courts for relevant period before switching to the constitutional courts (high Court and supreme court)
    4. Get yourself decided whether you fit to be in house counsel or arguing counsel. Your interest and skills to be taken into consideration.
    5. Keep attending the seminars and conferences in relevant field of law to know the developments
    6. While learning at initial stages of practice, do not give importance to the earnings until you become an asset to the institution/advocate you are working for.
    7. No case is small or bigger. Every case will teach you something new and we are playing with the lives and career of citizens. So similar attention be given to all cases irrespective of social and financial status of the clients.
    8. Upgrade with the latest technology.

    With such a diverse and demanding career spanning the Indian Air Force and legal practice, how do you find time to unwind and relax? What activities help you maintain a balanced life outside of work?  

    Very interesting question. I do relax, while I travel abroad for seminars and conferences. Credit to be given to family members, for their understanding and co-operation. I believe in the logic/ paraphrases 

    “more you sweat in peace less you bleed in war” – Avoid last minute preparation

    “to get something, you need to lose something” – nothing comes free in this world. In this profession you have to do the smart work in addition to the hard work

    I am a sports person, so I keep attending the gym workouts and swimming.

    Get in touch with Dr. Venkat Reddy Donthi Reddy-

  • “M&A transactions provide an opportunity to rearrange and/or review and revise the business strategy to make business more agile, strong, reachable, relevant, risk proof and robust”- Vikramsinh Yadav, Legal Head -Business Partner for Bayer Pharma

    “M&A transactions provide an opportunity to rearrange and/or review and revise the business strategy to make business more agile, strong, reachable, relevant, risk proof and robust”- Vikramsinh Yadav, Legal Head -Business Partner for Bayer Pharma

    This Interview has been published by Pragya Chandni and The SuperLawyer Team

    Can you walk us through your journey from being an Advocate at the High Court of Mumbai to your current role as Legal Head at Bayer? How did your previous experiences shape your path in the legal field?

    In the year 1999 summer I came to Mumbai from my village in Sangli district in Maharashtra, after having not so good results in 12th Science. I graduated in Science from Mumbai University in 2002 and became a law student. There I found my striving and secured a first class in LLB with scholarship in jurisprudence. During my law graduation, I was active in moot court and debate competitions and secured State Level Best Advocate award as well as special appreciation in National level moot court competition. Our team was felicitated at the hands of ex Chief Justice of India Shree Rajendra Babu. With dreamy eyes and strong desire to make my name in the legal fraternity, I joined the legal profession as an Advocate in Bombay High Court in August 2005. My journey began under the guidance of well-known Criminal Lawyer Late Shree Shyamkumar Marwadi and Senior Counsel Shree Ashok Mundargi. I got an opportunity to work in famous as well complicated criminal litigations including chinkara poaching case against Bollywood celebrities, Anticorruption case against well-known encounter specialist, MPSC scam etc. During this stint I also completed my LLM from Mumbai University with flying colours. Additional benefit from the LLM course was to secure hostel accommodation in University Hostels at Church gate.    

    Since my early practice days, I was conscious to be an independent lawyer and not to limit my growth as a small plant under the shadow of a big tree. So I resumed my independent practice as a criminal and civil lawyer in Bombay High Court. I got ample opportunities of conducting complex criminal trials including murder, cheating, rape as well as CBI prosecutions in the Sessions Court of Bombay & sub-urbs (Thane, Kalyan). I feel proud to say that all the trials were successful. 

    I was also acting as a senior law retainer with well-known real estate law firm Kishore Thakordas & Company, which provided me an opportunity to work on complex real estate litigations related to real estate development projects, property succession as well as land encroachment litigations.   

    In 2013-14, I felt an urge to join a law firm to know the legal business with big corporate houses, and I joined PDS & Associates (now Agrud Partners) as a Senior Associate. There I got access to big corporate clients with an opportunity to handle their cases including arbitrations and commercial contractual disputes as well as criminal litigations. In 2016, I got an opportunity to lead the litigation team of a highly reputed banking law firm SNG & Partners. In the same year Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code was notified. So I got engrossed in handling banking as well as insolvency litigations including the matters against Reliance Communications, ABG Shipyard etc. In the meantime, I also became an A-Panel Counsel for the Mumbai Municipal Corporation and Panvel Municipal Corporation in Bombay High Court as well as National Company Law Tribunal. During my illustrious journey in the Bombay High Court. 

    In my 13 years of journey as an Advocate I represented several reputed clients such as Hindustan Unilever Limited, Bunge India Private Limited, Monsanto Limited, Britannia Limited, Bank of America, Standard Chartered Bank, Barclays Bank, HSBC, HDFC, State Bank of India, Angel Broking Company, late Shree Irfan Khan, Essel Entertainment etc.  

    During all these years I developed a curiosity to know & understand the business of big corporate houses from inside. That made me grab an opportunity to join Siemens Ltd as a Senior Legal Counsel in 2018. It was the beginning of my journey as an in-house counsel. It was a huge legal team of around 30 colleagues. All the colleagues in Siemens including my mentors and seniors Brotin Das, Saugata Chakravarty & lastly Hanno Kunkel shaped me as an in-house counsel. They gave me ample scope to act on diverse matters independently including several high stake litigations as well as core issues related to compliance and corporate governance. Every year in Siemens, I was rewarded with performance awards and recognitions.                                               

    During the pandemic when the world was standing still, I received an opportunity to join Bayer Group as a Litigation Head and it was a shift from project-infra business to product centric business. In Bayer I worked on illustrious as well as voluminous litigations. In the last year I became a Legal Head Business Partner for Pharmaceutical, Consumer Health and Radiology Business. 

    As an in house counsel, my experiences during advocacy days were always handy and helpful in providing quick resolutions and facilitating effective decisions. Apart from functional expertise, the diverse experience as an Advocate helps to understand the root cause of the issue referred to and to suggest appropriate mitigating measures within a legally compliant framework. This makes business partnering authentic as well as agile. 

    With your extensive background in handling various types of litigation, could you share with us a particularly challenging legal case you’ve encountered in your career? How did you approach it, and what were the key strategies you employed to achieve a successful outcome?

    There were several such challenging cases I have encountered in my journey as an Advocate and in-house counsel. However, to make it more relevant and recent I would cite a litigation related to Competition law. It was a case that began with a commercial dispute between an aggressive group of licensees who got access to the innovative technology of our Company. In India, as we know, the patent regime is access and benefit centric, having inclination towards the working of technology for the benefit of the people at affordable means. This leads to the clash amongst the generics and innovators. In the field of agriculture, especially GM seeds, it is more complex and highly regulated. 

    So these licensees challenged the innovator’s royalty and technology fees, and approached competition regulating authorities (the then MRTP and now CCI) alleging abuse of dominance, excessive pricing & discrimination referring to the contractual terms. Simultaneously, the commercial dispute went through arbitration where the Company succeeded against the licensees who then appealed against the award. Meanwhile, a challenge was posed against the patentability of technologically modified seeds, confusing the technology in seeds where seeds being carrier of it with seeds being part of a plant. Governmental authorities also joined the licenses in an antitrust complaint. My vigilant predecessors & colleagues did also challenge the jurisdiction of CCI in dealing with commercial contractual disputes over a patented product, since the Competition Act and the Patent Act are complete codes distinct and independent of each other. We worked as a team in the litigation and successfully contested not only the arbitration but also the jurisdictional challenge. Whilst commercial dispute as well as patent validity proceeding got amicably settled with the group of licensees, the CCI proceeding remained. Last year, Delhi High Court passed quite an interesting judgment ousting CCI’s jurisdiction in matters related to the Patents Act.                                        

    We, as a team, worked on this matter firstly to separate the commercial dispute from the clutches of the Competition law and successfully seal the settlement with the licensees. That minimised the aggrieved stakeholders involved in the dispute. As well as it reduced other connected proceedings such as arbitration as well as patent validity. Only proceeding then remaining was with the Competition Commission. Under the expert guidance of the eminent Senior Advocate, Dr. Singhvi, we concentrated on the jurisdictional challenge before Delhi High Court. And, in the last June we were pleasantly surprised with a favourable judgment of Delhi High Court ousting CCI’s jurisdiction over the matters governed under patent laws of India. Of course the judgment has now been challenged in the Hon’ble Supreme Court and is pending sub-judice. When there are complex issues with multiple laws, we need to find out the ways to minimize the complexity by separating and resolving the disputes having potential of being settled amicably. So that we can concentrate on highly complex core issues involving questions of law. That helps in focussing our efforts and resources. 

    Keeping internal stakeholders engaged and informed on several stages of the litigation is also utmost necessary in securing their support and trust. It boosts confidence and strengthens your efforts to successfully implement the strategy.           

    Transitioning from being a Litigation Head to a Legal Head Business Partner at Bayer signifies a shift from a more adversarial role to a collaborative one. What adjustments did you have to make in your approach when moving into this new position?

    Certainly it is a significant shift. As a generic business partner one needs to have a broad as well as detailed picture in mind while formulating a strategy. As a litigation head more focus is on utilizing specialised skill to understand the dispute and mitigate it in a timely manner so that the ends will be favourable. Whereas being Legal Head Business Partner requires to have a generic perspective, which needs to be close to the business, management, compliance as well as other cross functional teams. More collaborative and strategic mindset is essential for effective business partnering. Fortunately, my senior colleagues in the legal team Nabeel Saleem and Devdas Baliga were always keen to involve me in several other challenging topics requiring a generalist mind-set apart from my litigation portfolio. That also is helping me in gelling well with this new responsibility.    

    As the Legal Head at Bayer, you’re tasked with managing corporate advisory functions and leading legal teams across different sectors. How do you ensure legal integrity and compliance while also fostering innovation and growth within the organization?

    As a leading legal business partner for pharmaceuticals, consumer health & radiology business, one needs to be aware of changing legal framework whether pharma Codes, price regulations, incidental compliances, D&C Act and Rules, Clinical Trials and GMP related provisions. As a legal team, we collaboratively work on understanding these changes and identifying its impact and relevance for our business. Then we work on communicating these changes and updates along with simplified implementation strategies with our business and cross functional stakeholders. We do conduct several informative sessions within the legal team as well as business. Ours is democratic function which believes in sharing of ideas and trying to work innovatively. As a legal function, we keep mapping and reviewing our activities and many times empower colleagues in business also to take their decisions on their own. Digitalisation helps us in being agile and efficient in serving business. Our organization works with the mind-set of Dynamic Shared Ownership (DSO) with a key focus on core mission and measured goals with defined outcomes in 90 days cycle.               

    Given your involvement in M&A transactions, what are some key legal considerations that you believe are crucial for ensuring a smooth and successful merger or acquisition?

    M&A transactions provide an opportunity to rearrange and/or review and revise the business strategy to make business more agile, strong, reachable, relevant, risk proof and robust. For smooth & successful merger or acquisition, clarity of purpose is at the core. With a holistic view we should be able to visualise the entire picture of the transaction. Accordingly, we have to map all the necessary activities from due diligence, necessary regulatory intimations and permissions, effect of FDI policies wherever relevant, effect on competition, Tax implications, corporate compliances, people integration etc. All the functions including tax, accounts, finance, communication, regulatory, quality, HR, SCM, marketing led by senior management and legal play a vital role in these transactions. `By nature, these are marathon transactions with long duration having internal, external and governmental stakeholders involved in it. Hence, planning in advance and securing consensus of all the stakeholders at every stage is essential. External as well as internal communication plays a big role in smooth implementation of M&A transactions. 

    Could you share some insights into how you navigate complex legal landscapes and deliver strategic dispute resolutions? What are some essential skills or approaches you rely on in these situations?

    Most of the disputes have inherent potential of pre-litigation amicable resolution. However, it is essential to be in contact with business to identify early signs of any possible dispute. If there are such inputs, as a litigation strategist, we prepare scenario analysis along with mapping of relevant substantive as well as procedural legal provisions and accordingly we guide business with a strategy. Preliminary focus is always on preventing litigation and securing amicable resolution. Eye for details, understanding of business and implication of dispute on it, interpretation of legal provisions and close familiarity with the practical side of the dispute resolution process whether it is the knowledge of courts procedures and practices or connection with external counsels play a vital role in handling dispute resolution. In some disputes such as possible patent or trademark infringement or bank guarantee invocation, we should be agile and aggressive in taking urgent measures to stop possible damage. Whereas in contractual disputes steps to be taken without having any adverse effect on the business, especially in project business.     

    Throughout your career, you’ve worked with notable companies such as Siemens and now Bayer. What do you think sets apart effective legal counsel in the corporate world, particularly in industries like pharmaceuticals and consumer health?

    As I mentioned earlier, understanding of business, becoming familiar with business language, expectations and needs, having connections with cross functional colleagues and access to the external peers in the industry including external counsels makes the legal Counsel effective in the corporate world. Effective communication at each level plays a key role. It requires conscious and consistent efforts. Needless to mention that these are essential qualities apart from the functional knowledge and expertise in respective core laws and legal aspects applicable to respective business.     

    Drawing from your own experiences and the challenges you’ve overcome, what advice would you offer to law graduates who aspire to pursue a career similar to yours?

    I am still in the process of learning and achieving the ultimate expertise in this field, however, I would like to share that law graduates aspiring to pursue such a career should keep their focus on expanding their understanding of laws governing diverse aspects (including substantive and procedural). They should gain real time experience of courts whether original or appellate, civil corporate or criminal to know their own strivings. Accordingly, they can choose the field of their interest and keep sharpening and shaping it consistently. Ability to learn, unlearn and relearn and communicate the same and becoming able to implement it is crucial for any lawyer.      

    Get in touch with Vikramsinh Yadav-

  • “As an Advocate on Record practicing before the Supreme Court of India, one has to be open to learning diverse and complex laws in a limited amount of time”- Arnav Narain, Advocate-on-Record, Supreme Court of India

    “As an Advocate on Record practicing before the Supreme Court of India, one has to be open to learning diverse and complex laws in a limited amount of time”- Arnav Narain, Advocate-on-Record, Supreme Court of India

    This Interview has been published by Pragya Chandni and and The SuperLawyer Team

    Can you share with our listeners the journey that led you to pursue a career in law, especially considering your impressive academic achievements at Amity Law School?

    The journey that led me to law began in 11th standard when I chose Science with Computers only to realize that I have an interest in neither. Like many others, I was merely following the herd. Fortunately, my computer science teacher at Modern School sat me down and encouraged me to start law school training while pursuing science at school. The days I spent in law school training were most interesting and made me realize that I may have a genuine liking for legal subjects and reasoning. By the end of my final year at school, my entire section and my teachers knew that I was a science student preparing to become a lawyer.

    I joined Amity Law School, Delhi (IP University) which at that time was in the top 10 law schools in India. I would prepare for my classes, ask way too many questions (sometimes even got punished for it), and worked hard for my exams. I would take time out to represent the law school in a few national and international moots and MUNs every year. After the first semester, I had topped the University, which was extremely encouraging and subsequently I received the Raja Rai Best Student of the Year award for all 5 years at law school. It was the first time I understood the meaning of the word aptitude. I was excited to move forward on this path.

    How did your experience as a Law Clerk to Hon’ble Mr. Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul and as an intern with HMJ (retired) S Muralidhar shape your perspective on the legal profession?

    Working as an intern with Justice Muralidhar and as a clerk with Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul allowed me to gain insight into the life and cycle of arbitration cases at the Delhi High Court. While Justice Muralidhar handled the original side arbitration cases amongst others, Justice Kaul was handling the arbitration appeals. I had a front row seat in the Delhi High Court that enabled me to witness some of the best orators/Senior Advocates presenting their cases before some of the brightest legal minds. 

    In my internship with HMJ Muralidhar, I was responsible for preparing a Compilation of summaries of judgments delivered by the Hon’ble Delhi High Court in that calendar year that contributed to the development of law. This proved to be an excellent exercise for a newly graduated law student as it provided me with further training in reading lengthy judgments in a short period of time and extracting its essence in a few short paragraphs. This, I believe, is a skill to be honed in every lawyer. 

    As a clerk to Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul, my roster of responsibilities was a bit wider as I was responsible for checking the daily orders, sat in Court to hear arguments while noting important cases quoted, conducted extensive legal research in order to assist the Judge in dictating judgments and prepared the odd speech to be delivered by the Judge.

    My experience at the Delhi High Court, working with two brilliant Judges allowed me to carefully observe court craft and court etiquette. It gave me a unique opportunity to understand the considerations that weigh with judges while deciding cases and also allowed me to stay updated with the latest caselaw on various legal issues, as they would be regularly quoted in the Court. It was helpful to maintain a diary of daily case proceedings and important notes during the course of my clerkship.

    Your Master’s in Law at the University of Cambridge focused on International Law & EU Competition Law. How did this international exposure contribute to your understanding of the legal landscape?

    To be a Masters student at one of the oldest most prestigious Universities in the world – (with arguably the most beautiful campus) – was a matter of great privilege as well as pride for me. It has contributed significantly to my growth, not just as a professional but also as a person. I was fortunate to be in a multicultural environment and to be taught by highly respected professors such as (late) Prof. James Crawford whose small groups sessions at the Lauterpacht Centre for International Law would be riveting to say the least.

    It was a remarkable opportunity to understand the various facets of EU Competition law from experts such as William Allen, a former competition law partner at Linklaters, which I have consistently relied on in competition law cases in India. The masters not only contributed to my understanding of the legal landscape, but it broadened my horizons allowing me to be more confident and self-assured as a litigator in India. 

    At Cambridge, I was elected as the Student Council Representative at Darwin College which enabled me to voice the concerns of the students at Darwin and stand up for issues that mattered. After coming back from Cambridge, I have also been closely associated with the Oxford and Cambridge Society of India (having been elected on three successive Committees) organizing academic, social, cultural and sporting activities with Oxbridge alumni in Delhi. 

    How do you stay updated on the latest legal developments, especially in the dynamic field of competition law?

    In order to stay updated with legal developments in competition law, I read some important competition law journals (Indian and foreign) as well as judgments from India, EU and US. I spent 2 months in Brussels in 2023 attending multiple conferences pertaining to the developments in EU competition law and competition law globally. 

    You transitioned from working in the Chambers of Aditya Narain to establishing your independent practice. What were the pivotal moments that led to this decision, and how has the experience been for you?

    After completing my masters, I worked with Mr. Aditya Narain, Advocate (as he had a very strong background in antitrust) for 5 years and I was primarily involved in cases pertaining to competition law and consumer disputes. In fact, during the very first week back in India, I was assigned the Ericsson vs Intex/Micromax (Standard Essential Patents) case where Mr. Narain was appointed the Amicus Curiea by the Hon’ble Delhi High Court. It was the first case of such a nature dealing with the conflict between competition law and IP law.

    Thereafter, I sat for the AOR exam in 2019, as I had always aspired to practice at the Supreme Court of India, even as a young law student. Once I cleared the prestigious AOR exam, I started my journey as an independent counsel and an Advocate on Record. To be an Advocate on Record, in my honest opinion, is one of the most fulfilling experiences for a lawyer as it presents you with opportunities to develop and present high stakes cases in the highest Court, pertaining to all subjects whether civil, criminal, constitutional etc. Often, the AOR dons different hats i.e. of a lawyer, clerk, typist, translator and that can be a bit exhausting. I have been fortunate to have been involved in some extremely interesting cases before the Supreme Court that have contributed to the development of law. This was always my dream.

    Your current practice involves handling a variety of cases, including competition law, consumer disputes, constitutional law, insolvency & bankruptcy, and more. How do you manage to navigate such diverse legal areas effectively?

    As an Advocate on Record practicing before the Supreme Court of India, one has to be open to learning diverse and complex laws in a limited amount of time. Not just learn, but with the right doses of legal research, one has to often master those laws in order to argue the case at the highest Court or even brief Senior Advocates on the matter. One needs to retain a sense of being a generalist. But as a law graduate, there cannot be a better avenue to learn and practice across such a diverse variety of legal subjects. 

    With the aid of some brilliant and hard-working colleagues, support from mentors as well as effective time management skills, it is possible to practice across such a wide array of legal subjects. It would be apposite to mention that with the evolution of technology and e-filing software’s/virtual courts, it has become much more convenient to practice as a litigator.

    You recently represented a leading tire company in a significant challenge to a Competition Commission of India decision, resulting in one of the largest fines imposed by CCI. Can you share the key challenges you faced and lessons learned from this case?

    It is indeed an honour to be a part of the tyre cartel case as I have had the opportunity to brief the brightest most well respected seniors such as Mr. Fali S Nariman and Mr. G Masilamani in the matter and work alongside some of the best competition law firms in the country. The matter is pending before the Supreme Court and therefore I would not be able to comment in detail about the case. However, I can say that the Competition Commission of India is one of India’s most robust and active regulators responsible for maintaining fairness in both the retail and online marketplace in India regulating matters pertaining to abuse of dominance and anti-competitive agreements. It is equipped with an investigative arm i.e. the Director General’s office that comprehensively and meticulously investigates matters pertaining to abuse of dominance and anticompetitive agreements.

    In the tyre cartel case, unfortunately, the investigation report of the DG found evidence of existence of a cartel and the CCI passed a penalty order of around Rs. 1788 Crores against 5 tyre companies in the market for Truck and Bus bias tyres. This was one of the largest fines imposed by the CCI. The biggest challenge was to impress upon the Hon’ble National Company Law Appellate Tribunal, that this is one case where the DG and the CCI, both, have made some serious errors in calculating and comparing prices. Ordinarily, the decision of an expert body such as CCI is hard to challenge before the NCLAT, and even harder to have annulled by the Appellate Tribunal. However, in the tyre matters, we were above to demonstrate that the case set up by the DG and accepted by the CCI of price parallelism and cartel was ill-founded and factually incorrect. The DG and CCI had overlooked certain crucial details and numbers and those errors clearly demonstrated that no price parallelism existed and therefore no cartel existed in the market. It was one of the rare cases when the CCI admitted to making those errors (which seldom happens, as regulatory bodies such as the CCI are meticulous and comprehensive in their investigations). However, the NCLAT, while setting aside the CCI penalty decision, remanded the case back to the CCI for deciding the matter afresh in light of the errors made in the CCI decision. In my view, the NCLAT may have considered finally disposing of the matter instead of remanding it and therefore we have filed a limited challenge to the remand of the matter back to CCI. The CCI, of course, has challenged the entire decision of the NCLAT and both cross appeals are pending before the Hon’ble Supreme Court.

    To sum up, the biggest challenge we faced in the matter was to show that the decision of the CCI was contrary to the facts as well as the settled law. We had briefed two of the leading seniors to argue on our behalf i.e. Mr. Mukul Roahatgi and Mr. Krishnan Venugopal who successfully represented our case before the NCLAT. What I learnt in the process was that in order to challenge any decision of any expert regulatory body, one must have tremendous research and preparation skills. The briefing for both the Senior Advocates was rather different and our team had to be attuned to their queries and styles prior to the briefing.  

    Having worked with notable judges, senior advocates, and in various legal capacities, how has mentorship played a role in shaping your career, and what advice would you give to aspiring lawyers on finding the right mentors?

    Mentorship is a vital aspect of our profession, especially in litigation. I have had the good fortune of working with some of the best legal minds in the country, and I have most certainly learnt something from each one of them. There have been lessons on patience, legal ethics, hard work, humility, legal research, oration etc which have helped shape me, not just as an Advocate but also as a person. 

    I draw inspiration from Mr. Fali S Nariman, Sr. Adv (as do most lawyers) who I have had the opportunity to brief multiple times. Briefing Mr Nariman, as many would know, is never about fancy conference rooms and coffee machines. It is about hard facts, in-depth research into the law, reading your brief, re-reading your brief, re-re-reading your brief and culling out the crux of it. Until, every word of every sentence of every paragraph is not crystal clear, no pleading or note ought to be presented to the Court in his name. A clarity of thought, I learnt, is a crucial aspect for a lawyer, as only then can the pleading reflect such a clear thought and move a Judge to rule in one’s favour.

    I learnt another very valuable lesson while briefing Mr. Nariman, something that he also writes in his book. It is that we must take the time out to think about our cases. What that means is that our level of commitment and passion should be such that whenever we have any spare time, we must think about our cases, discuss with colleagues and try and figure out whether there was a better way to present it or even develop it, whether there was an argument that we missed or an argument we took that may not work, how to respond to an argument the other side may make etc. This self-analysis forms the foundation of growth in the profession, in my view. 

    If an aspiring lawyer gets the luxury to choose a mentor, he/she should choose one who not merely knows the law well, but also encourages junior lawyers, gives them opportunities to argue and research, who is transparent and ethical in his/her conduct, discusses cases with his/her juniors, shares anecdotes and occasionally gives notes on how to improve.   

    For those who do not get the luxury of choice, just begin! Take any opportunity and start working. Regardless of how your mentor or senior is, there will be a lot to learn provided you are receptive, observant and inquisitive. Learn what you can and move on.  

    Considering your achievements and diverse experiences, what advice would you like to offer to fresh law graduates who are embarking on their legal careers today?

    I remember briefing an extremely well respected Senior Advocate in Chennai High Court in a cartel case and I was convinced that a particular argument ought to be made by him. The Senior sensed my conviction and excitement but felt that the argument could be detrimental to our case. Only, I failed to understand his point and kept arguing to the contrary. 

    Young lawyers are often full of energy and confidence, ready to fight the fights  and in that endeavor often become less receptive and flexible to other (often opposing) arguments. Sometimes we don’t know when to stop. Being too rigid may have some adverse effects in a Court of law, especially when a Judge strongly disagrees with your viewpoint. It is then that you must acknowledge the opposing argument and redirect yourself in order to meet that argument. Such versatility to maneuver ensures longevity as an orator and a litigator.

    I would also add that in order to be a successful lawyer, one must read the latest judgments, and foreign Court decisions in an attempt to stay abreast. Maintaining a diary of relevant cases is something I have learnt from my seniors and it has saved me on a number of occasions. We must be polite and assertive in Court and never go to Court without reading the brief, even if it is to take a postponement on behalf of another lawyer because if experience has taught me that, on the day that you don’t prepare and go to Court, it is exactly on that day that the Judge will want to hear you argue. Last but not least, one of the most relevant pieces of advice I learnt from seniors and mentors, was not to lose hope in this profession, especially litigation. Litigation will test you, there will be days when you learn nothing (and more days when you will earn nothing) but the litigator must remain passionate, inquisitive and steadfast in his/her pursuit. ‘Just keep swimming’

    Get in touch with Arnav Narain-

  • The most important principle is to be open to all the work that comes one’s way, nothing is too small or too big, to work with sincerity and dedication and not to engage in wasteful comparative analysis-Rajat Moudgil, Dual Qualified Lawyer – Associate Partner P&A Law Offices

    The most important principle is to be open to all the work that comes one’s way, nothing is too small or too big, to work with sincerity and dedication and not to engage in wasteful comparative analysis-Rajat Moudgil, Dual Qualified Lawyer – Associate Partner P&A Law Offices

    This interview has been published by  Priyanka Karwa and The SuperLawyer Team

    Sir, please share with us how you initially became interested in the field of law and what led you to pursue it as a career?

    I became interested in the field of law because of my father. He is a litigation lawyer on the civil side. In his prime, he was one of the leading lawyers in the city (Jalandhar, Punjab). When I was young, I was always in awe of his legal practice. I grew up in an environment where his office and our residence would be bustling with clients, lawyers, clerks and stenographers. I liked the busy life of a litigation lawyer where clients from all backgrounds with diverse problems came to explore solutions to their problems. 

    I realized that the core of the legal profession is problem solving and I started getting interested in the field of law, with the higher objective of contributing to the justice delivery system. Now after being a part of this system for more than 10 years, I can easily say that law is an empowering profession that has the ability to bring actual change in people’s lives. 

    Could you tell us about your educational background and the significance of your LL.M. in Competition Law and Market Regulation from the National Law University, Delhi?

    I did B.A.LL.B (Hons.) from Panjab University, Chandigarh. Thereafter I proceeded to join my father in his litigation practice and learnt how to apply and practice law from the ground level. This phase in my life was the building block of my journey as a lawyer. I represented clients in all kinds of civil disputes that included possession disputes, matrimonial disputes, eviction matters, injunction suits, testamentary and succession disputes etc. For a period of three years I was also empanelled by the District Legal Services Authority which allowed me to represent the unrepresented in criminal trials. I was fortunate to get an opportunity to appear in criminal matters ranging from petty theft offences to murder trials. 

    However, after practising for 5 years, I wanted to move from private party litigation before District Courts to litigation that would be significant at the national level. In 2015, National Law University, Delhi came up with a new LL.M. specialization in Competition Law and Market Regulation, in addition to its usual LL.M. in Public Law. I thought specialization in a new and upcoming stream of law, even though the Competition Act was enforced in 2009, would allow me to garner new skills and help me in my endeavour to contribute to the legal system at the national level.  

    My LL.M in Competition Law and Market Regulation was interesting and fulfilling academically. Throughout my studies I realised the prime importance of my tenure as a litigating lawyer, for it was that experience which enabled me to understand competition law in application and not just theoretically. I also realized the difference in the attitude of institutions and students between State Universities like Panjab University and NLUs (at least the one I attended). In Panjab University the institution and students were primarily focussed on making a career in the judiciary or other government services. I must add that I too appeared for judicial exams in Delhi but could never go beyond the mains stage. Moreover, in Panjab University the focus was only on traditional subjects and new laws like Competition law, Insolvency and Bankruptcy etc were hardly included in the curriculum. At NLU Delhi, I witnessed students exploring different subjects and careers after graduation or LL.M. The teaching methodology and student assignments were also different at NLU Delhi in comparison to Panjab University. Another difference between traditional universities and law universities is the opportunity to interact with students from different faculties and departments. Traditional universities like PU allow students pursuing different subjects like law, arts, science etc to interact and associate. Moreover student unions are stronger and student body elections are significantly more important here.  

    Significance of the time spent in both the universities has been immense not just in the profession but in life. I made some lovely friends and even met my wife while studying at NLU, Delhi. 

    As someone who is qualified by both the Bar Council of India and the Law Society of Ontario, Canada, could you discuss the similarities and differences between practicing law in India and Canada?

    I have qualified for the bar in Ontario, Canada but have not practiced there. However, I can comment based on the qualifying examination I cleared and the requirements I need to fulfil to continue my license. I think the profession in Canada is regulated in a much better way than in India. To start with, the qualifying exams (barrister and solicitor) which everyone is required to clear to qualify as a lawyer is more challenging than the All India Bar Examination conducted in India. The exams are framed in a manner that tests the candidates on ethical and professional responsibilities, as well as legal knowledge. 

    Even after qualifying as a lawyer, all lawyers are required to complete several requirements like submitting annual reports, continuous legal training (Continuous Professional Development) etc, failing which lawyers are suspended from practice. These details are also published on the website for the general public to know. Overall the system aims to protect clients from unethical practices and rules and regulations are implemented better in comparison to India. 

    What are some of the challenges you faced while representing clients in antitrust-related matters before the Competition Commission of India and the courts? How did you overcome those challenges?

    Proceedings against these clients are pending either before the Competition Commission of India (CCI) or in appeal stage, so I’ll not be able to state much. However, I can say that antitrust proceedings in India are often based on perceptions and projections. Most of the times the prima facie view formed by the CCI before directing investigation is followed by the office of the Director General (DG) and again upheld by the CCI at the time of passing final orders. CCI often follows the market defined by foreign regulators in similar industries and is often not willing to adapt the market definition to Indian realities. I must add that lawyers also depend and rely on international jurisprudence to support or defend their cases. Despite the wide powers granted to the CCI to impose high penalties and dictate business decisions, the responsibility to establish contravention through evidence is quite low. The lack of transparency in CCI proceedings can also be a cause of annoyance at times. 

    Since the facts and proceedings are often complex, the Appellate Authorities also refrain from interfering in the primary questions of ‘definition of relevant markets’ and ‘market power enjoyed by parties.’ Although appeals have been allowed against CCI Orders but most of them have been allowed on procedural grounds.  Appeals on many important issues are pending before the Supreme Court. Though we are part of the system and are equally responsible for the delays in final adjudication of appeals, we try our best to be ready to meaningfully assist the Courts in deciding these important issues.  

    Apart from your work with P&A Law Offices, you have also served as a Senior Associate at the Competition Commission of India. Can you share your experience there and the role you played in analyzing merger notifications and investigating alleged anticompetitive practices?

    My tenure at CCI has played a vital role in my career. After finishing LL.M. I wanted to work at the CCI to understand its functioning. Unlike Courts, CCI has a very good setup where the Members are assisted by experts from legal, economics, accountancy and other fields. In fact, the decisions passed by the CCI are guided by the analysis and assessment done by these experts. Further, there are different divisions for merger control, antitrust enforcement, legal proceedings that include initiating and defending by CCI, economics, investigation etc. I was fortunate to have worked in different divisions. During my tenure I worked in the investigation divisions where we assessed and analysed cartels, anti-competitive vertical agreements and abuse of dominance related complaints. In fact the resale price maintenance case against Maruti originated from an anonymous complaint analysed by the investigation division. 

    The combination division dealing with merger control required me to collaborate more with counsels appearing on behalf of merging parties. CCI has a pro-business approach in merger control, however the division ensures that all combinations are notified as per the regulation and then vigorously pursues combinations where it is able to identify a harm arising out of the combination.  

    In addition to these divisions, I was attached to the office of one of the Members of CCI, where I was required to brief on matters from all divisions. 

    Lastly,  what advice would you like to give to fresh law graduates who are just starting their careers? What key lessons or principles should they keep in mind as they embark on their professional journey?

    The most important principle is to be open to all the work that comes one’s way, nothing is too small or too big, to work with sincerity and dedication and not to engage in wasteful comparative analysis. Young professionals should be willing to explore and learn different practices. I think law firms are exerting unwarranted pressure on young professionals to persist with only one field and the industry is needlessly focussing on specialisation. In fact even in a particular field, firms are demanding lawyers to be super specialized. For instance in Competition Law, lawyers are being categorized as enforcement specialists or merger control specialists. Specialisation or super specialisation is fine and may even be essential in the long run, especially in law firms, but fresh law graduates should be encouraged to develop skills and gain knowledge of different fields of law. 

    The core principles in law are the same across all fields and most of law is based on common sense. This is the reason why most senior counsels are able to represent clients across all fields of law. However, the industry and recruiters are not always willing to embrace young professionals who don’t specialize in one subject at the beginning of their careers. I can easily say from my own experience that all my different experiences, be it original side litigation, legal officer at an insurance company, association with CCI, competition law counsel at a law firm, have played an important role in understanding the legal system better and in practical application of different laws.  

    Get in touch with Rajat Moudgil-