You’ve worked extensively across sectors like AI, social media, e-commerce, education, and gaming. What early experiences shaped your decision to specialize in technology and regulatory law?
I think the best way to describe it is that a series of decisions brought me to where I am today. My love of political science as a subject sent me down the path of reading law, and my desire to be the prime minister of India one day (among many other professions – across creative and public interest fields) brought me to public policy. Tech was always fascinating to me – one example that comes to mind is how I’d watch product launches and service upgrades, and visualise the journey from the present moment to a future with Irona-esque devices or Tony Stark’s Jarvis assistant. But I was also acutely cognisant of the need for an inclusive regulatory discourse surrounding technology, one that ensures a seat at the table for a cross-section of diverse perspectives.
My early mentors played a formative role in equipping me with the tools to understand this space and build my own voice. While tech public policy was still in its experimental stages as a profession in India, I worked on complex questions surrounding intermediary liability and safe harbour, net neutrality, and privacy. The perfect storm of innovation, impact, and uncertainty reinforced for me the need for thoughtful, future-facing tech regulations. And I realised that I loved the interpretation of law, but I was even more excited about understanding the answers to the underlying questions – of intent, of timing, of form, and of substance – and within that context ensuring that the perspective and agency of the individual remains front and centre.
How did your LL.M in Public International Law from LSE broaden your legal perspective, especially in navigating global tech policy?
LSE gave me a bird’s-eye view of how legal norms are constructed, contested, and negotiated across jurisdictions. It trained me to think beyond domestic legislation and consider global frameworks, power dynamics, and geopolitical context – skills that are essential in tech policy today. Studying international humanitarian and human rights law also deepened my own appreciation of “harms” and what they might mean in the digital world. It taught me to ask not just “is this legal,” but “is this just,” especially when advising on emerging technologies. That normative framing continues to guide my work across borders today.
What I am most grateful for, however, is how LSE opened up a whole new and vibrant world – of people, experiences, and contexts – that I may have read about in the past but got to actually immerse myself in-person. It impressed upon me just how numerous and diverse perspectives on a single issue can be, and how essential it is to make space for them in building the policy ecosystem of tomorrow.
Having worked with top law firms and major companies, what inspired you to launch Data & Co, and what is your vision for the future?
When I thought of my next steps, the answer was quite straightforward – I wanted to focus on the subject matter that I love – of public policy as it applies to the technology sector. Granted that this is work I’ve done for the past 11 years, but I wanted to now thoughtfully and intentionally design my focus. I’m building Data & Co to be a trusted advisor across the spectrum of regulatory stakeholders – businesses, governments, special interest groups alike – as well be a thought leader on emerging policy challenges particularly for fast moving regulatory topics like in AI, digital payments, privacy, online safety, and consumer interest.
Candidly, Data & Co is my professional passion project. I feel inspired to strengthen evidence-based thoughtful policy research on some of these issues, while also collaborating closely with stakeholders for cross-pollination of ideas and building a more resilient and sustainable policy ecosystem. I launched Data & Co to bridge legal nuance with public policy strategy, and to make the approach to compliance not just a checkbox, but a tool for responsible innovation.
A big part of my vision is to invite young minds to this work – new ideas always spark novel answers to complex problems, and that is invigorating. So at Data & Co we welcome young people to share their thinking, and be involved and productive members of the policy discourse.
Given your experience advising both Indian and international clients, how do you navigate evolving regulatory frameworks particularly in the area of data privacy when legal standards are still emerging and often ambiguous?
I treat ambiguity as an opportunity for proactive strategy rather than passive compliance. Navigating emerging frameworks means staying grounded in first principles – think accountability, data principal rights, and purpose limitation for instance. It also means scenario-planning for multiple outcomes, building privacy-by-design muscle early, and engaging constructively with regulators. My approach is typically layered – assess risk, weigh policy direction, and align with business goals, which includes maintaining the interest of the individual customer. I also find it helpful to reiterate that in navigating privacy, building and maintaining trust with data principals is crucial, and using that as a yardstick when exploring emerging regulations can be quite instructive.
With laws like India’s DPDP Act and the growing global focus on AI governance, what guiding principles should companies follow to ensure ethical innovation and long-term regulatory compliance?
I’d go back to the first principles I just mentioned. Transparency, user agency, privacy-by-design, and fairness should be embedded into product and data practices, not retrofitted after the fact. The global AI and privacy regulatory landscape may differ in specifics, but the overall direction is often informed by similar imperatives – that of protecting consumer interest. This means inculcating practices of explainability in clear and simple language, i.e. how and why personal data is collected, and how decisions on/ from/ for that personal data are made.
I also recommend, as a good hygiene practice, to build internal accountability structures. In doing so, cross-functional collaboration and clear documentation go a long way – in both ensuring compliance and building user trust.
You have helped clients through unexpected regulatory shifts. Can you share a specific example of managing a challenging case in relation to global technology regulations?
As public policy professionals, our goal is to work towards limiting instances of unexpected regulatory changes, and contribute constructively to the dialogue. However, every now and then there are surprises that we help our clients navigate. My goal, as the first step, is to understand what is happening, why, who it is intended for, and how it impacts my client. To do all of this, I work closely with cross-functional partners internally within my client organisation and simultaneously with regulatory stakeholders as well as peers in the industry to gain their perspectives.
In situations like these, I personally find clear prioritisation to be incredibly helpful – what is business-critical versus good-to-have. I think it is also essential to manage expectations with honesty, and partner productively with internal and external stakeholders. And I also use these opportunities to remind myself that agility is as important as knowledge.
As a woman leading at the intersection of law, tech, and policy fields traditionally dominated by men, what key challenges and leadership lessons have shaped you, and what advice would you have for others facing similar paths?
One lesson that’s stayed with me is that while credibility is earned, confidence must often be self-issued. Early on, I had to make my peace with being the only woman, or the youngest voice, in many rooms, and to back myself even when others didn’t because of my gender or age. I advocated for inclusion and diversity in these rooms. I learned to speak up not just when I was certain, but also when I was curious. Leading now, I try to build spaces that are collaborative, inclusive, and intellectually honest. I learn from people with shared and different experiences alike, and acknowledge struggles – of the glass ceiling, of imposter syndrome, of credit-theft – that we’ve all been through.
My advice? Be audacious in your ideas and generous with your platform, especially for others trying to find theirs. The only way we’ll succeed in making the profession more inclusive is we intentionally make space for diverse perspectives.
Balancing a demanding legal practice with personal life can be challenging. How do you manage the pressures of a multifaceted career while maintaining your well-being and finding time for reflection?
I believe that as human beings we are the sum total of all our experiences, which includes work and leisure. I am wildly protective of both my boundaries and my ambition.
I have a mentor who used to tell me that outside of breaks or holidays from work, it is really important for us to find small moments of joy on a daily basis. On some days, that means logging off to cuddle with my dog (Data, my firm’s mascot), and on other days, it’s about saying no to a project that doesn’t align with my purpose. I also recognise that it is not pragmatic to believe that I can achieve mathematical balance on each day, and so I listen closely to my body and mind. I travel, read and keep myself creatively stimulated through writing, dance or art, which then translates into a fresh mind for work. The converse is also true – my creative pursuits are often informed by work imperatives!
And beyond that, just super tactically, I approach my time with structure and planning. I find blocking time on my calendar very helpful to visualise how I am spending my day/ year, and I remain flexible about tweaking it on the go. My goal, ultimately, is less about balance, and more about (upon reflection) my time as having brought me joy.
After completing your Bachelor’s in Technology in Electronics and Communication, you decided to pursue a career in law. What inspired this shift, and how has your technical background contributed to your legal career?
While I was doing my undergraduate studies in Electronics and Communication Engineering, I developed a strong appreciation for structured problem-solving and analytical thinking. A pivotal moment came when I worked on a project involving video capturing and recognition technology for identifying letters and numbers on car plates. After dedicating significant time and effort to develop this innovation, I discovered that a subsequent batch had replicated my idea for their project. This sparked a deep curiosity in me on how I could protect my work and ensure exclusive rights over something I had created.
This realization led me to explore the legal frameworks that govern innovation and ownership. While I thoroughly enjoyed the technical challenges of engineering, I found myself increasingly drawn to the interplay between technology, commerce, and human interaction—how ideas are protected, commercialized, and integrated into society. This marked the beginning of my journey into the field of law and specially, intellectual property law. I decided to pursue law, with a clear objective to practice IP law once I graduate.
When I began my legal journey, I recognized a clear gap in the market—clients, much like myself in my engineering days, were increasingly seeking nuanced, technology-driven solutions to complex intellectual property challenges, particularly around ownership and innovation. In that moment, I knew I had found my calling.
How did your L.L.M. at Boston University School of Law shape your perspective on Intellectual Property law, and how have the skills and experiences gained there influenced your approach to high-stakes International and domestic IP litigation and advisory?
My LL.M. at Boston University School of Law was a transformative experience that significantly shaped my approach to Intellectual Property law. Beyond the rigorous academic curriculum, one of the most valuable takeaways was learning how to move beyond theoretical understanding and apply legal principles in a practical and commercial context. I had taken classes on trial court advocacy, legal writing, and related practical modules, the insights from which continue to guide my approach to legal practice even today.
Having students from all over the world, not only helped me build lasting professional relationships which I continue to maintain to this day, but also fostered a global legal mindset that has helped me while advising or litigating matters involving international stakeholders.
I strongly encourage those looking to specialize in a particular field of law to pursue a Master’s degree, as it offers both depth of knowledge and invaluable exposure to diverse legal perspectives.
Having worked with various prominent IP law firms, what motivated you to transition to establishing your own practice, what were the hurdles that you faced while founding Nikhil Chawla and Associates?
When I founded Nikhil Chawla and Associates, like with any new venture, the initial phase came with its share of challenges—building a client base, establishing credibility, and navigating the uncertainty that comes with stepping out independently. There were days where I found myself questioning my decision of starting on my own.
During this time, I had the opportunity to interact with several senior advocates. One piece of advice from Swathi Sukumar, Senior Advocate, particularly stayed with me—she said, “you just have to show up at the office every day, the work will eventually come.” That simple yet profound advice became a guiding principle for me in the early days, reinforcing the importance of persistence, presence, and consistency in building a practice.
6 months of feeling doubtful about everything and no sign of progress is the entry price that you have to pay before things start to move in the right direction. Having said that, with relentless hard work and unwavering dedication, you will find yourself moving in the right direction—without it, you risk getting lost in the vast sea of lawyers around you.
As a dual-qualified lawyer and an AI enthusiast and Certified Information Privacy Professional, how do you see the intersection of AI, data protection, and privacy laws evolving in the near future?
The intersection of AI, data protection, and privacy law has become, if not already, the most consequential area of legal and regulatory evolution in the modern era.
With the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, India has taken a foundational step toward codifying privacy rights and data protection obligations. However, the law still leaves several gaps when it comes to regulating AI-specific concerns such as algorithmic transparency, automated decision-making, and the right to explanation. In parallel, India is also formulating its National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and has published ethical AI guidelines through NITI Aayog. These developments signal the government’s intent to promote responsible AI while safeguarding individual rights.
All of us are already aware that AI has become omnipresent and part of our everyday lives. However, its widespread adoption also raises critical legal and ethical questions ranging from informed consent, purpose limitation, and data minimization to algorithmic accountability. In parallel, concerns around bias, discrimination, and automated profiling are becoming more pronounced. These issues are steadily making their way to the forefront of legal discourse, and our legal systems will soon be called upon to adjudicate upon this, drawing a clear Lakshman Rekha between what is permissible and what is not.
Going forward, professionals with a grounding in both law and technology will be key to shaping this transition, ensuring that innovation does not come at the cost of civil liberties. I believe the future will require lawyers who understand code, technologists who understand rights, and courts who can bridge both worlds.
Could you share your experience while representing a leading music label in a high-profile copyright infringement dispute against an internationally renowned hip-hop artist. How did you prepare for such a case and what were the key outcomes?
When I started my private practice, the first case I was entrusted with involved handling a dispute against the renowned hip hop/rap artist Bohemia. I was representing a music company that had entered into an exclusive artist agreement with Bohemia, which he breached by collaborating with other parties in violation of the agreement’s terms.
During our preparation for this case, we knew that seeking specific enforcement of personal service obligations was not permissible under the Specific Relief Act. However, we were able to identify a negative covenant in the agreement that prohibited him from collaborating with third-party labels during the term of the agreement. We also found legal precedents supporting the enforcement of such negative covenants in agreements involving personal qualifications.
As a result, on the very first day, we secured an ad interim order restraining Bohemia from working with any third-party labels for the remainder of the agreement’s term. This interim injunction ultimately paved the way for an early settlement.
After the settlement, Bohemia even released a track referencing the litigation. The success in the Bohemia matter opened the door for me to handle other high-profile media and entertainment disputes, including cases involving prominent artists such as Badshah and Satinder Sartaaj.
What advice would you offer to young professionals aspiring to follow in your footsteps and build successful careers in intellectual property, technology law, and commercial litigation?
Law is a profession that demands dedication and discipline, it is meant for those who truly love the law. Without that passion, it’s difficult to sustain the commitment the profession requires.
Talking from my own experience, when I had started my legal career, I sometimes relied on shortcuts instead of diligently reading statutes and studying case law. Over time, I came to realize that true success in this profession requires depth, being thorough with the law and cultivating a strong understanding of legal principles. Unfortunately, I see many young professionals today falling into the same trap. What we truly need are students and professionals committed to rigorous legal study and a genuine passion for the craft of law.
It is important to be working with a good mentor, someone who can guide, challenge, and shape you. Equally important is being at the right firm/advocate, where the work culture, values, and opportunities align with your long-term goals.
A legal career can hold different meanings for different people. What inspired you to pursue law as a career, and what was the driving force behind your decision to take this path? How did your journey through law school further ignite your passion for the field and shape your motivations for the future?
My journey to law began against the backdrop of family tradition pointing elsewhere. Three successive generations of civil engineers in my family (including both my parents), had established a legacy in public service and infrastructure – particularly, water supply, a cause to which both my father and grandfather had committed a large portion of their lives. While I was tempted to lean into this “flow” state, following them into a set career as an engineer working in infrastructure or environmental sciences, my interests as a student actually leaned towards aerospace engineering and all things space-related.
Frankly, it was my grandmother who ultimately inspired my legal path, and acted as a guiding light. It was in the late 1940s that she had graduated with a law degree from Government Law College, Mumbai (then-Bombay) having lost a few years to the Indian freedom movement. She continued to maintain kinships with notable alumni like Soli Sorabjee and Nani Palkhiwala whom she had met in study groups – on occasion she would narrate several anecdotes about them and their time at law college. Soon after graduating however, she chose family life over a demanding legal career – a decision she later expressed regret about before passing in 2024 at age 97. Despite never having practiced law as a member of the Bar, her legal training permeated her daily life. Her sharp wit, articulation and ability to debate confidently at length with eminent personalities and champions of industry left me with profound respect for the legal profession and even fostered a sense of reverence for litigating lawyers. There was something meaningful about pursuing a career she had not been able to follow.
Law school quickly dispelled my romantic and innocent notions about legal practice. No number of anecdotes or choice phrases could replace the intellectual rigour and stamina required for law school. Law school demanded a sharpened focus and genuine eagerness to learn, qualities that developed gradually during my studies. What transformed my experience were approachable professors, commercially relevant courses and real-world internships that revealed how legal strategy truly functions in practical application.
I became particularly interested in dissecting and analysing business structures and strategies in the form of case studies, similar to investigative journalism. I was taken in, almost jonesing on the access to information that legal training provided me – corporate filings, audit reports, public disclosures – told compelling stories that captivated me more than fiction. This fascination further accelerated me towards corporate law, built on the fundamental understanding of how legal frameworks shape industries and business strategy.
After completing your law degree, you chose to pursue a master’s from Durham University, United Kingdom. Given the number of esteemed institutions offering similar programs, what made Durham stand out as the ideal choice for you? Could you share how your experience there enriched both your academic and professional journey?
Choosing Durham University for graduate school was an easy decision. As one of the UK’s ancient universities alongside Oxford, Cambridge and St. Andrews – often collectively referred to as “Doxbridge” – Durham offered prestigious academic standing with its #4 UK ranking that year. This was a deciding factor as I was only looking for universities in the UK. Further, having missed application deadlines for Oxbridge, Durham represented excellence within my available options.
Another important consideration for me was the collegiate system at Durham that really attracted me – with each college maintaining its distinct history and culture. My acceptance to Castle College, Durham’s founding and oldest college was particularly transformative for me. The “Castleman” culture, shaped by centuries of tradition, encouraged by academic excellence and strong professional camaraderie was an unmatched value addition. Studying within a medieval castle – one that had served as a filming location for Harry Potter was an immersive experience in itself. Formal dinners in historical halls and galleries complete with ceremonial or academic gowns, connected learning to centuries of scholarly tradition.
Academically, Durham provided the perfect platform for refining and deepening my skills in commercial law. A key highlight was being taught Mergers & Acquisitions by Shaun Goodman, a Kirkland & Ellis’s London partner – easily one of the sharpest minds I had encountered. His nuanced perspective and practical insight into corporate acquisition strategy, execution modes and financing structures were invaluable. This blend of theoretical depth and real-world commercial application, prepared me for complex high stakes legal transactions that were around the corner for me in law firm life.
The Durham experience extended beyond coursework – instilling qualities that continue to shape my professional approach and work ethic: focus on analysis over verbosity or precedent, adaptability in unique situations, collegiality in professional relationships, and a broader sense of purpose and achievement in legal work. These elements remain foundational to my practice today.
In the early stages of your career, you had the privilege of working with several prestigious law firms, including Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas and Trilegal, as well as co-founding Digi-Smart Technologies. What were the pivotal learning moments during these formative years that not only deepened your understanding of the law but also set you on the path toward excellence in your profession?
My early years across law firms provided a crucible which forged my practice. At Trilegal, I was immediately thrust into representing a major multinational technology player interested in strategic acquisitions across the Indian tech sector as well as a USD 100 billion+ AUM private equity fund – both deploying approximately USD 8 billion in capital across Indian markets over a spread of deals in distinct sectors within aggressive timelines. This experience, building upon my foundational two years of private equity experience at Desai & Diwanji, revealed that excellence in complex high stakes transactions requires more than technical proficiency; it demands strategic vision that anticipates challenges before they materialize.
What proved invaluable to me was navigating these transactions with a lean, efficient, high performing team united by shared principles – rigorous work ethic (read: hard work), unwavering integrity and meticulous attention to detail. It became clear to me that the quality of collaboration often determines transaction success more definitively than individual brilliance. The diversity of perspectives and backgrounds among the exceptional professionals I worked with expanded my own professional toolkit exponentially, teaching me that legal solutions emerge not just from following set precedent but from creative problem solving. Our camaraderie naturally also seeped into our personal lives and I can’t underscore the importance of maintaining strong friendships while working in high stress settings.
At Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas, assisting on a private equity buyout of a major education provider across the preschool to K-12 segment while simultaneously handling my first listed acquisition – a control deal in the highly regulated cement sector revealed the multidimensional nature of complex transactions that intersect with governance, policy and public interest. Both these matters inter alia required synchronising national, state, local and international regulatory frameworks while identifying inconsistencies between them. Dissecting legal risks several financial quarters in advance and advising on mitigation strategies and pragmatic solutions and structures. This experience crystalised my understanding that superior deal counsel must operate as regulatory cartographers – mapping jurisdictional and legislative complexities while charting clear paths forward.
Having worked at prominent law firms, such as Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas and Trilegal, what motivated you to transition into an in-house role with Euronet Worldwide, Inc? How did you perceive the cultural shift between working at a law firm and being part of a corporate in-house team, and how did your responsibilities evolve in this new environment?
My transition to an in-house role at Euronet was driven by a fundamental desire to participate in business strategy and decision making from inception rather than merely documenting or assisting with decision already made. While law firm practice offered technical depth, I found myself increasingly drawn to the strategic questions that precede formal legal engagement. Having already done a masters’ degree, an MBA seemed excessive and unaffordable and I had often heard inhouse roles being equated to an MBA education.
The cultural shift from law firm to inhouse was stark and multidimensional. In private practice, client interactions typically begin after commercial parameters are already established – the classic “deal is agreed in principle between principals, now it’s the lawyers job to document it” scenario. At Euronet, I experienced the inverse, legal counsel became integral to opportunity identification, market entry strategy and risk assessment months or even years before external counsel may be engaged or a term sheet even considered. This shift from a reactive to proactive counsel demanded developing “commercial intuition” – the ability to anticipate business or revenue implications beyond legal analysis.
This perspective aligns with what a senior partner at a previous firm I worked at once described as the evolution from “legal technician to business strategist”. It took a lot of effort to create trust for counsel to be seen as business enablers rather than gatekeepers, but once this trust was established, the rewards to the company and stakeholders were self-generating.
During my time at Euronet, the Asia-Pacific business presented unique opportunities, requiring legal support for double-digit growth across diverse markets in South East Asia and the Middle East in addition to India. To meet these demand, I worked to innovate our legal function along with leadership by establishing what I saw as a “quasi law firm” within the corporation, treating stakeholders as clients and legal team as service providers. We deliberately recruited attorneys with top-tier law firm experience from AZB, CAM and SAM who could maintain technical excellence of legal practice while developing commercial acumen and who had the necessary temperament and soft skills required to work in a fast paced multi-cultural international environment.
While Euronet was a NASDAQ listed US corporation operating in over 100 countries operating for nearly 30 years, I found that negotiating with technology giants such as Google, Amazon, Apple and Microsoft that were significantly larger and well-resourced required a dual perspective that included understanding not just contractual terms, commercial motivations and regulatory landscape but also strategic negotiation and cultivating perseverance. Collaborating with state owned enterprises, government bodies, DISCOMs, utility providers, SMEs and startups conversely required a different brand of lawyering.
Perhaps most rewarding was leading compliance and product counsel functions under the guidance of senior leadership. This involved direct and close interaction and engagement with regulators, LEAs, industry bodies and policy forums. The work often required pioneering approaches for fintech products with no established regulatory blueprint and involved constantly navigating regulatory grey zones with an informed view.
Ultimately, the transition taught me that exceptional in-house counsel must balance technical expertise with commercial pragmatism while maintaining integrity at all times.
What inspired you to establish your own practice, and what vision did you have for Frigg & Snotra? Were there any significant hurdles or obstacles you faced during the establishment of your practice, and how did you overcome them to build it into what it is today?
The inception of Frigg & Snotra emerged from a vision to create something fundamentally different in India’s legal services offering – a boutique practice that integrates legal expertise with strategic business advisory. Having worked both in prestigious law firms and as in-house counsel, I observed a persistent gap between pure legal advice and practical business implementation, particularly in technology, financial services, media, and emerging sectors. Our mission became building that crucial bridge between legal and commercial.
The name “Frigg & Snotra” was chosen from Norse mythology, symbolizing wisdom, foresight, and prudence – qualities we believed essential for modern legal practice. This foundation reflected our commitment to delivering counsel that looks beyond immediate legal questions to anticipate future challenges and opportunities.
Though we are only six months into this journey, the early stages have been both challenging and illuminating. As fundamentally a first-generation lawyer establishing an independent practice, the challenges were immediately apparent. The regulatory framework governing the legal profession in India places significant and legacy hurdles on marketing unlike other mature legal markets such as the United States of America – Bar rules prohibit lawyers from advertising or marketing services in ways that other professionals take for granted. This restriction made traditional client acquisition strategies impossible, requiring creativity in building reputation and visibility through relationship development.
Financial uncertainty was perhaps the most daunting aspect in the early months. Unlike established firms with predictable revenue streams, we faced the constant challenge of irregular payment cycles, with some clients delaying payments by 60-90 days or more. There is also the running risk of clients utilizing work product – detailed legal opinions or transaction documents – or taking them to other lawyers for execution without paying for the intellectual input. This has necessitated implementing a system of setting up advance payments and developing clear engagement terms that protect our interests while remaining client-friendly.
Building a client funnel without traditional marketing channels has demanded persistence and ingenuity from day one. We are focusing on creating specialized knowledge capital in emerging domains like fintech regulation, digital businesses, and cross-border transactions. This expertise-first approach is slowly but gradually attracting clients facing complex challenges that commodity legal services can’t adequately address.
Perhaps most challenging in these initial months has been establishing credibility as a new entity. We’re addressing this by adopting an agile, client-centric approach that emphasizes responsiveness and personalized attention that larger firms can’t match. This is beginning to build the trust that I hope will transform one-off engagements into lasting relationships.
We’re still at the beginning of our journey, with much growth ahead, but by remaining adaptable to evolving client needs while maintaining unwavering ethical standards, we’re working to transform these early challenges into the distinctive characteristics that will define our firm and practice in years to come.
Given your extensive experience in advising on complex IP license transactions, how do you foresee the future of intellectual property evolving in India, especially in the context of global transactions, and in light of emerging trends in AI and digital technologies?
India is at a critical crossroads vis-à-vis intellectual property (IP) as artificial intelligence (AI) and digital technologies reshape global businesses and transactions. As an advisor to technology companies for over a decade, I see several key developments in the near to mid-term future. India’s traditional IP framework anchored principally by the Patents Act, 1970 and the Copyright Act, 1957 was not designed for the AI era, creating significant gaps in protection, ownership and liability. The question of who owns AI-generated content remains particularly contentious and we are yet to see lasting judicial clarity on the subject (while several matters have already reached Indian courtrooms they are at no level of conclusion).
The Indian Patent office currently maintains that purely AI-generated inventions lack patentability. Considering the explosive growth in the use of AI for instance in life sciences, this approach is particularly concerning for AI-based IP inter alia in areas such as diagnostics, disease identification, drug and clinical trials where big data from healthcare providers, medical workers, hospitals, researchers and patients can be used to develop innovation, leaps and bounds quicker than using non-AI methods. A stable IP protection framework in this sector also has to be balanced with public access considerations. There is a general awareness over the critical role algorithms play in a data centric world. However algorithms and software currently face patentability challenges in India unless they demonstrate practical application within specified devices.
Harmonised IP protection is essential for cross border transactions. Even for emerging tech startups, a strong patent portfolio is one of the first items that provides investor surety that the company or team is working on a unique subject matter or value proposition. India may need to create entirely new IP mechanisms specifically designed for IP innovation – this is in line with recommendations of the parliamentary standing committee on commerce.
India has already done significant work on incentivizing startups to formally protect their IP and be an active participant in the patent ecosystem by creating fee exemptions or subsidies as well as providing for expedited processing times for startups as India prepares for an unparalleled wealth creation era. Some work still remains in bridging the legislative or judicial uncertainty in IP on emerging technologies. For businesses navigating this shifting landscape, I recommend ensuring robust contractual protections and safeguards for proprietary information and trade secrets, while parallelly monitoring policy developments. Corporations irrespective of scale may also actively engage (as industry stakeholders) with policymakers and legal experts to problem solve sector specific issues and concerns, with the ultimate goal of optimizing the emerging IP framework and striking a balance between clarity, protection and innovation.
Over the course of your distinguished career, what is one key lesson or insight that has stayed with you, and how has it shaped your professional journey? What advice would you give to younger professionals aspiring to build a career like yours, and what resources would you recommend for them to stay ahead of the curve in today’s fast-evolving legal landscape?
The most effective lawyers are those who position themselves at the intersection of legal expertise and business or commercial strategy. Legal counsel viewed in isolation rarely delivers optimal value. The ability to contextualize legal advice within commercial or existential realities facing clients transform regular counsel to indispensable advisor.
To borrow from Mr. Cyril Shroff, “Modern practice requires to be multilingual – fluent not just in law but in the language of business, technology and risk management”.
Another valuable habit is cultivating client empathy – the ability to genuinely understand your client’s motivations, constraints and unspoken concerns. This is a dimension of legal practice that cannot be automated or outsourced to artificial intelligence and remains the foundations on which exceptional legal careers are built historically, and will continue to be in the future.
If I was a younger legal professional I would embrace the technological transformation that is quickly reshaping legal practice. Tools such as lexum.ai, jurisphere.ai etc are simply the beginning. In terms of resources, I recommend looking beyond legal sources and engaging with trusted publications such as HBR, Mckinsey Quarterly and The Economist. For personal knowledge development, there is a wealth of knowledge based podcasts, and most podcasting platforms have great algorithms that guide self-discovery and often lead to deeper and meatier discussions. I find Business Wars by Wondery a great podcast to follow. Separately, I often use Google Scholar to read academic papers in emerging domains rather than an article and typically find more nuanced takes on issues. I use Notion to track my own learning and development.
The legal profession is known for its demanding nature, often making it difficult to maintain a work-life balance. As someone who has achieved great success in your field, how do you manage the pressures and responsibilities of your career while also prioritizing your personal well-being?
Me opining on work-life balance is like the Hindenberg calling someone a “hot mess”. The profession’s reputation for demanding schedules is well earned particularly in transactional practice where client emergencies and deal timelines often dictate rhythms and sleep cycles. However, lawyers maintaining work life balance isn’t an oxymoron like “affordable housing in Mumbai”. It just requires strategies slightly more sophisticated than explaining to your partner why a client call at 4 AM constitutes “quality time”.
Early in my career, looking at my seniors, I embraced the conventional wisdom that success required superhuman dedication – that sleep was optional and black coffee was a superfood. My “work life balance” consisted of consolidating closing documents while at a colleague’s wedding, hoping that I could catch his next one without a deliverable. I once found myself lugging a laptop up a mountain, choosing to carry it to review an SSPA offline instead of a camera tripod that I desperately needed to capture a view that I had trekked several hours to photograph.
My evolution towards sanity has involved several realizations: First, I have established my personal constitutional rights – non-negotiable elements that even the most demanding clients or matters cant amend. Every persons non-negotiables are different. For some it is morning exercise routines that are non-negotiable, for others it is playtime with their children or partners. A great irony I’ve noticed is that the most creative solutions to complex problems have emerged not during midnight office sessions but while watching terrible reality television or some other mundane activity constituting a break. Taking breaks actually improves critical thinking to the ire of legal purists.
The legal profession’s reverence for precedent shouldn’t extend to destructive work habits. Just because generations of lawyers before us sacrificed personal well-being on the altar of professional advancement doesn’t mean successive generations must continue this dubious tradition. Like typewriters and smoke filled cabins, some precedents deserve to be overruled.
The verdict? Balance isn’t perfectly achievable, but sanity is possible with boundaries, perspective, and the occasional ability to laugh at our profession’s most absurd demands.
Given your career spanning over a decade, did you initially view law as a predetermined path for you, or were there specific factors that influenced your decision to pursue it?
Growing up on the campus of Pune University, I was surrounded by an unspoken expectation to pursue a conventional career in science. I followed the script, diving into science during my 12th grade, with engineering or medicine as my presumed destinations. But somewhere along the way, I realized the script wasn’t written for me (largely thanks to a rocky relationship with Mathematics).
The turning point came when my mother, who has dedicated her life to social and environmental causes through her NGO, National Women’s Organization, suggested I meet the iconic environmental advocate Shri. M.C. Mehta. His passion for using law as a tool for change sparked an idea that law could be a path to make a meaningful impact, an idea that had not even crossed my mind before. Encouraged by my mother, I applied to ILS Law College in Pune, more as an experiment than a commitment.
What unfolded was far beyond what I had anticipated. Law, as I discovered, wasn’t just a career, it was a way of thinking, a discipline that pushed me to question, analyze, and create solutions. While I initially leaned toward environmental law, an introduction to Intellectual Property Rights during my 3rd year in college shifted my focus entirely. I found myself captivated by the intricacies of IP law, and as media and entertainment law emerged as a distinct field, it felt like an organic extension of my interests.
In retrospect, my journey into law wasn’t about finding a career, it was about discovering a passion I didn’t know I had. What began as a casual detour became the foundation of a profession that allows me to blend creativity with structure and create impact in ways I hadn’t imagined. It’s proof that sometimes, the paths we don’t plan for lead to the most fulfilling destinations.
You began your career at an established Media & Entertainment law firm in India. Could you share how your initial experiences shaped your understanding of the intricacies of this specialized field of law, and how did your role evolve your understanding and experience?
Law school gave me a solid foundation in the theoretical aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, but it was not until I stepped into the real world that I began to truly understand the nuanced and dynamic nature of Media & Entertainment law. My early years were nothing short of transformative. I had the opportunity to be involved in pathbreaking litigations, which tested my ability to apply theory to complex, real-world scenarios.
One of the defining experiences was being part of policy-level discussions surrounding the landmark Copyright Amendment Bill introduced in 2010, coincidentally the year I graduated. These discussions offered a rare glimpse into how laws are shaped, debated, and implemented, a perspective few young lawyers get to witness so early in their careers.
I also worked on a variety of transactions, from structuring film projects, complex agreements, to drafting opinions, conducting due diligence, and crafting advisory notes. Each assignment added a new layer of understanding and taught me to navigate the intersection of creativity, business, and compliance that defines this field.
I remain grateful for the early exposure I received to the many facets of Media & Entertainment law, which set the foundation for my practice today.
You played a pivotal role in the landmark statutory licensing case on radio royalties. Could you share your experience of being part of such a significant decision, and your thoughts on the abolishment of the IPAB and its implications for the resolution of IP matters in commercial courts?
Representing Tips Industries Limited and international organizations like SESAC (USA) and SUISA (Switzerland) during the radio statutory licensing matter before the IPAB was an incredible professional milestone. The case, conducted entirely via video conferencing amidst the pandemic, spanned over a month-long virtual hearing and culminated on December 31, 2020. This high-stakes, time-bound hearing saw 10 radio broadcasters seeking statutory licenses to fix royalties for sound recordings broadcast through radio.
The IPAB’s decision was groundbreaking, overhauling the prevailing royalty model and establishing new precedents that reshaped the calculation of radio royalties across India. It was an unparalleled learning experience to witness and contribute to such a transformative legal development.
However, the abolishment of the IPAB has disrupted the framework of statutory licensing and several other matters, which was designed to be a time-bound process. With IP matters now before overburdened commercial courts, delays have become the norm, undermining the efficiency and predictability that statutory licensing aimed to ensure.
In the “Trial by Fire” case, you successfully defended Endemol India in a lawsuit involving defamation and privacy claims. Could you describe the key legal arguments you made to prevent the release of the web series from being delayed or obstructed?
In the “Trial by Fire” case, where our firm successfully defended Endemol India against defamation and privacy claims brought by Sushil Ansal, the primary legal arguments revolved around balancing the plaintiff’s rights with the defendant’s right to free speech and expression enshrined under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. The court was persuaded by the following key arguments:
Public Domain Information: The web series was inspired by a book published in 2016, which was based on public records and widely circulated events related to the Uphaar tragedy. The plaintiff had not sought any injunctive relief against the book for several years, demonstrating acquiescence and diminishing the basis for an urgent injunction against the series.
Freedom of Expression and Public Interest: The series reflected the experiences and perceptions of the victims’ families, who have the right to narrate their anguish and systemic failures. The court recognized that preventing its release would stifle public debate and discussion about a tragedy that had been in the public domain for over 25 years.
High Threshold for Pre-Publication Injunctions: The court reiterated the principle that pre-publication injunctions are granted only in exceptional circumstances. The plaintiff failed to demonstrate that the series was manifestly defamatory or malicious. The disclaimer in the series, clarifying it as a fictionalized account inspired by true events, further bolstered the defense.
Delay and Lack of Good Faith: The plaintiff approached the court at the last minute, despite the series’ production being publicized years earlier. This lack of prompt action undermined the claim for equitable relief.
These arguments collectively established that the plaintiff’s apprehensions of reputational harm did not outweigh the broader public interest in ensuring free expression and access to information on matters of significant public concern.
Content regulation for OTT platforms is a rapidly evolving area of law. What are some of the most pressing legal challenges that OTT platforms face today, and how do you guide your clients through these regulatory issues?
Content regulation for OTT platforms is a rapidly evolving area of law, where platforms face a delicate balancing act between creative freedom and regulatory compliance. The IT Rules, 2021, play a significant role in shaping this landscape, emphasizing a three-tier grievance redressal mechanism and requiring platforms to adopt self-regulatory measures for content classification and viewer discretion. The importance of self-regulation cannot be overstated, as it empowers platforms to address potential concerns while avoiding excessive external interference. However, challenges such as defamation, obscenity claims, claims in relation to hurting religious sentiments or claims due to other socio-political sensitivities and the need to navigate jurisdictional complexities across borders add layers of complexity. In guiding clients, we prioritize setting up robust compliance mechanisms, pro-active script vetting during development stage/ content vetting during production and aligning with industry standards to mitigate risks. Staying abreast of evolving legal precedents and regulatory trends is critical, as courts and policymakers continue to shape this dynamic field. Our focus remains on helping clients adapt to these changes while safeguarding their creative integrity and commercial objectives.
Your work as a trustee for the National Women’s Organization and your involvement in the Save Ganga Movement showcase your commitment to social causes. How do you balance these responsibilities with your demanding legal career?
Balancing a demanding legal career with social responsibilities is undoubtedly challenging, but I believe it’s a matter of purpose and priorities. My work as a trustee for the National Women’s Organization and my involvement in the Save Ganga Movement stem from a deep conviction that we all have a duty to give back to society. While my legal career demands significant time and focus, these causes remind me of the broader impact we can have beyond our professional lives. I approach this balance by integrating my passion for social change into my daily life, leveraging my legal expertise to contribute meaningfully to these initiatives. It’s not about managing time as much as aligning values, when you believe in the importance of giving back, you find the energy and commitment to make it happen. Ultimately, the fulfillment I derive from these efforts enriches my professional work, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two.
You founded IPRMENTLAW, which aims at spreading legal awareness relating to the changing dynamics in the IPR and Media and Entertainment field. What inspired you to create this knowledge-sharing platform, and what impact has it had on the legal community?
Knowledge sharing is a value I hold very close to my heart, and it was the driving force behind the creation of IPRMENTLAW. When I started practicing in the intellectual property and media and entertainment fields, I noticed a significant gap- there wasn’t a dedicated, open-access forum for updates, insights, and discussions specific to these areas. I wanted to bridge that gap and create a platform where legal knowledge could be shared freely and accessibly, not just within the legal fraternity but also with creators, businesses, and students who engage with these fields.
IPRMENTLAW was conceived as a blog to foster dialogue and keep critical issues alive through debate and discussion, similar to the impact platforms like Spicy IP have had. Over the years, I’ve been fortunate to have a group of young lawyers join me in contributing to the platform, bringing fresh perspectives and enthusiasm to the initiative. Together, we’ve built a resource that has become a go-to space for updates, opinions, and legal developments in IP and media law.
The impact has been humbling. It has sparked meaningful discussions within the legal community, encouraged critical thinking, and provided practical insights for practitioners and stakeholders and most importantly inculcated a habit of staying updated and informed about the latest legal happenings in the realm of IP, media and entertainment laws. By making it a non-profit open-access platform, we’ve ensured that knowledge isn’t confined to a select few but is available to anyone seeking to learn and engage. For me, this initiative is more than a professional endeavor, it’s a small step towards democratizing legal knowledge and fostering a culture of informed dialogue.
With your extensive background and experience, what advice would you offer to budding lawyers who wish to have a successful career in IPR and Media and Entertainment Industry?
My advice to budding lawyers aiming for a successful career in IPR and the Media and Entertainment industry boils down to one key principle: there is no substitute for hard work. In a field as dynamic as law, particularly in niche areas like IPR and media, the hustle and hunger to learn must never stop. While every generation benefits from advancements in technology that make knowledge more accessible and work more efficient, success in the legal profession still requires steadfast commitment and effort.
A common observation about Gen Z is their inclination towards balancing priorities, which is undoubtedly important. However, it is crucial to remember that prioritizing knowledge and consistently honing your craft is non-negotiable in this field. Opportunities in law are not handed out, they are earned through diligence, resilience, and an insatiable curiosity to learn. The legal profession demands 100% dedication, irrespective of how sophisticated technology becomes to aid you.
For budding lawyers, I would emphasize focusing on gaining knowledge and building expertise. Read voraciously, stay updated on developments in your area of law, and don’t shy away from putting in long hours when needed. The money, recognition, and work-life balance you aspire for will follow once you’ve laid a strong foundation through your hard work. This profession rewards those who are relentless in their pursuit of excellence, and if you bring that mindset, success will inevitably come your way.
Managing a demanding legal career can be challenging. How do you balance your professional responsibilities with personal life, and what strategies do you employ to maintain that balance?
When you truly love what you do, work never feels like a burden. I consider myself to be blessed to engage in work that I’m incredibly excited about making every day of my life even if it’s difficult, quite worthwhile. But in the same manner, I do think it is important to make sure you set aside time for yourself in your personal life. Balance isn’t about giving equal time to everything; it’s about prioritizing what matters most in each moment. I try to set boundaries where possible and carve out moments for myself, whether it’s through travel, or just downtime to recharge. It’s also important to acknowledge that there will be times when work takes precedence, and that’s okay, as long as one tries to balance the focus and does not forget the aspects of their life that are personal.
With your extensive experience in law, what initially inspired you to pursue a career in this field, and what factors contributed to your growing interest in Intellectual Property Rights, Technology, and Commercial Contracts?
I am a bibliophile, and I enjoy listening to music. Growing up, I often heard stories about beloved authors and musicians who struggled to protect their rights. This sparked my passion for Intellectual Property Rights, as it directly addresses the protection of creators’ rights. Additionally, the rapid technological advancements over the past decade have led to evolving legal frameworks, such as the IT Act of 2000 and ongoing discussions around generative AI and online privacy. This dynamic nature of IPR captivated my interest and motivated me to work in this field.
When I was studying at GNLU during each vacation I was interning with a law firm or a company and getting exposure to various fields of law such as competition law, corporate laws, labour laws, banking and finance etc and I thoroughly enjoyed each of my internships but when I participated in the G.H, Raisoni IP Moot Competition and thereafter interned at K&S Partners, Gurgaon, I knew that this was the field of law that aligned with my personal interests and therefore, will be a practice area that I would want to pursue my career in.
After earning your law degree from NLU Gujarat, what motivated you to pursue an LLM in IP & Technology Laws at the National University of Singapore? How did the teaching methods there differ from other law schools you’ve experienced?
Pursuant to earning my law degree at NLU Gujarat, prior to joining the work force for good, I wanted to study intellectual property rights and technology laws in detail since we only had the said subject for 1 semester which is a very brief period to deep dive into the subject. NUS offered a rigorous LLM course in Intellectual Property and Technology Laws with some of the most renowned faculty members teaching the subjects. When I was successful in securing a seat at NUS, it was a dream come true for me.
At NUS the Socratic teaching method fostered critical thinking among students. The professors would often nudge us into diving deeper into a legal issue presented and encourage creative solutions to legal problems. The diverse classroom environment allowed students from various backgrounds to share unique perspectives, enhancing our learning experience.
You began your career at Linklaters Singapore Pte. Ltd.,, and later worked with top law firms in India. What were your early years of practice like, and what are some key lessons you learned that you would like to share with our readers?
My early years at Linklaters Singapore were invaluable. While pursuing my LLM, I worked in their banking and finance team, where I learned the importance of diligence and comprehensive involvement in transactions. My seniors (Mr Michael Vanaselja and Mr Beelee Seah) emphasized the significance of understanding the entire lifecycle of a deal. Upon returning to India, I joined R.K. Dewan & Co., where I was fortunate to work closely with Dr. Mohan Dewan and Late Mr. M.R. Nair (head of Mumbai office). Dr. Dewan is my mentor because he shaped my understanding of Indian IP Laws, he was kind enough to let me lead various IP matters when I was still quite “green” in the field while of course guiding me whenever I required assistance. He and Mr. Nair taught me to approach legal issues from multiple angles and reinforced the need for continuous learning.
At Khaitan & Co., I focused on legal advisories and high-value transactions, learning to deliver quality services evenunder tight deadlines while appreciating the value of teamwork.
You have had an impressive career trajectory. What factors led to your decision to start your independent practice at Willow Legal, and how do the experiences of working at large firms like Khaitan & Co. compare to running your own practice?
After nearly a decade in practice, my partner Vikramaditya and I decided to establish our boutique firm, Willow Legal. We recognized a gap in the market where startups often lacked adequate IP protection, which affected their valuations during funding rounds. Similarly, since Vikramaditya and I are fond of arts and music, we wanted to work closely with independent artists to help them negotiate fair contracts with music labels/producers.
Working at Khaitan & Co. offered the convenience of having a dedicated paralegal team that handled much of the administrative workload, such as couriering documents, managing invoices, and tracking payments. In contrast, at our practice, we must attend to these details ourselves. However, this shift comes with greater freedom in managing our workloads and deliverables. We can foster stronger relationships with our clients by being readily available for meetings and calls when needed. We also have the flexibility to choose the matters we wish to pursue, evaluating them not solely based on billable hours. If certain cases require more time due to their complexities, we embrace that challenge. Additionally, we engage with a diverse range of issues and dynamic entrepreneurs, making this journey both exciting and worthwhile despite the minor inconveniences.
Having worked on high-profile IP due diligence, what are some of the crucial aspects of IP due diligence that companies tend to overlook?
In the music and media related transactions, we often notice that the contracts are not comprehensive to protect one’s IP ownership, specifically copyright. Very often the contracts do not even have the appropriate clauses ensuring the assignment of IP from the artist to the producer, inadequate stamping is a very common issue that is often noticed in the contracts for these industries. With reference to other transactions, we note that very often the employment contracts, founder contracts, consultant contracts also do not have appropriate IP ownership clauses or clauses pertaining to ownership of IP created during the appointment of services of the consultant. Furthermore, in many cases IP is owned by the founders of the company and is being used by the Company without appropriate licenses in place; in many cases IPs filed with the respective authorities are not prosecuted correctly (and applications are abandoned or on the verge of abandonment).
With over nine years of experience in Intellectual Property, what trends do you foresee emerging in IP law, especially in India, in the coming years?
Generative AI is the buzz word everywhere and it also applies to IP laws, with the increased use of Generative AI, it is only a matter of time when more disputes pertaining to the use of content developed using Generative AI or copyrights over the content that is fed to AIs to generate the results will arise. Last month we saw the first such dispute filed before the Delhi High Court (ANI v Open AI). This will definitely be an interesting space to watch. Even in the media industry, the recent case filed by Mr. Jackie Shroff seeking to enforce his personality rights has an important area of copyright law being discussed i.e. parody as an exception to copyright infringement. Furthermore, with the increased focus on clean and green technology, it is safe to say that sustainability and green technology innovations will gain prominence, and there may be more patents filed pertaining to the same.
Given the demands of your profession, how do you manage to strike a balance between your personal life and professional responsibilities?
It is extremely important to have discipline in one’s life. Even in our independent practice we ensure that we have fixed work timings, working days and in all of this we ensure that we continue pursuing our hobbies come what may. Many people underestimate the importance of having hobbies, but it is extremely important for one to make time for their hobbies and it can be something as simple as reading a book or meditation. When work demands spill over into personal time, we compensate by taking breaks on non-working days to recharge.
What advice would you give to law students who aspire to build a successful career in law like yours? Are there any particular resources or tools you regularly rely on when navigating the legal profession?
I encourage law students to pursue diverse internships to discover their true interests rather than simply following trends or lucrative paths. Every area of law has potential for success if one remains committed to continuous learning and adaptability. Embrace challenges as opportunities for growth; mistakes are part of the journey toward improvement. I would also recommend young lawyers to not be afraid of taking chances, to be a solution provider and if in the process you make mistakes, it is alright everyone has been there, we just have to learn from them and be better as each year goes by. Most importantly, have a close circle of family and friends, sometimes the work may get overwhelming and tiresome at such times your loved ones will help you bounce back with rigour.
After receiving your B. Com Degree, what motivated you to pursue a Law Degree at Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University in Chennai?
I am a second generation lawyer, with my father Mr. Ramachandrudu (Retd IOB Legal Advisor and Deputy Secy. to Banking Ombudsman) hailing from Chennai and an ardent steward from Adv. K.K. Venugopal Offices in Chennai where other stalwarts like Hon. Former Minister Mr. Chidambaram, Late Mr. R. Mohan (Former Addl. Solicitor General of India), so it was inevitable that I was subconsciously tuned from the very beginning to what was expected from a logical, pragmatic solution provider and as a crisis handler. Business Studies culminated interest to further Commercial and Corporate laws in India.
You went on to pursue your LLM from University of Manchester, United Kingdom where you specialised in International Business Law. Can you share with us your experiences and your motivation to pursue this specialisation?
To have a global business acumen, one has to extensively study how different legal environments can impose on businesses. My agenda was to study business law with a mindset of how justice can be delivered for cross border work apart from what is practiced domestically. When laws encompass boundaries, certain denominators are preset – It is important to ascertain them while traversing the dynamism that circumstances create when businesses are perceived and run globally.
You briefly worked with a law firm before moving to the Corporates and then back to founding a law firm. What motivated your transition and could you share your experience working in both cultures?
Honestly, that is what the external world will see, when you see a profile like mine. I started with a law firm, to choose what kind of company or sector that I wished to see myself for the future, after spending some time, I realised I was interested in Cross border contracts, IT contracts and FEMA. When I realised that when money was coming into India, majority had to be invested in real estate as there was a boom around 2008. By end of 2010, I had equipped myself to handle various subjects in International law, along with FEMA and Real Estate. From manning a 10-member team to a team of 100 and also leading legal departments for 15 years across India, I realised with the connect and bandwidth, the natural progression was to lead a team with my own firm, in my case it was more of a rebranding from my father’s sole practitioner firm.
You have headed various legal departments of different big companies before starting your independent practice in 2015. What were the initial challenges that you faced while running your practice and how has your experience in the corporate world shaped your practice?
Advocates largely come from a sole practioner/ promoter/ senior practitioner driven set ups, which means they come unorganised yet they are effective in their own ways to perform a desired task. Corporate experience comes in handy, when we quantify the quality work that is executed, meaning, – adhering to process, setting policies, having TAT’s, Setting the flow of reporting structure, Ensuring Good communication and also to a large extent find time to work as a team and progress to a collective growth and vision. Heading Legal departments gives you an expertise to handle different stakeholders in ahigh paced setup by meeting their already high expectations. Being Agile and flexible at the same time can accommodate one’s decision-making power in a dynamic environment.
As the Managing Director and Principal Attorney of M/s. 5IVE LEGAL, you have experience representing clients in various intellectual property matters, including domain name disputes. What are the key challenges that international entities encounter when dealing with domain disputes in India?
Half the Work is done at the application stage itself. By having a robust application with best precedence and details will ensure your applications are successful. Secondly, when we appear for a dispute, the weightage given more to the research and that sort of research that does not necessarily extend to legal books or precedence alone but reaching and dipping into practical real-world implications. To be honest, common sense alone can half your battles in any court room. We should remember we are not creating anything but delivering what is already created, so we should not lose focus on issues that are primarily important. One main challenge for entities globally is the hesitation to challenge as they are unaware of the cost or timely outcome. They are also blindsided by the procedures involved. Domain disputes and cybersquatting to a large extent has had their disputes resolved by various forums by treating them largely to a Trade Mark that has been existing.
You have extensive experience in Private Equity Financing and advising clients on investment-related matters. How do you stay updated with the evolving trends in private equity, investment law, and regulations?
These PE or Debt Transactions revolve around various stakeholders in a transaction such as a Banker, Loan Provider, Investment Banker, TPA, Tax advisors, Authorities such as RBI/SEBI etc, and clients who are either mortgagors, debenture issuers or purchasers. I might have missed some, these entities ensure we are up to date with what’s happening, so is our language while dealing with such transactions. We treat every deal individually and hence generalisation is a misconception when dealing with such transactions.
We understand that your firm has merged with another large full-service law firm, what does this mean for the future?
The recent merger with AKM and Associates LLP, (A Six-decade old long firm) – “AKM 5ive Legal” stands as a testament to my vision for the firm—a vision that blends deep legal expertise with forward-thinking solutions. By leveraging the combined resources and expertise of both firms, this merger aims to consolidate its position as one of the top tier corporate law firms in Chennai by addressing a broad spectrum of corporate legal needs while upholding a strong commitment to ethics, excellence, and strategic vision. We have embraced technology as a means of improving service delivery, ensuring that our clients receive innovative, future-ready legal support. This transformation is a reflection of my broader belief in the power of adaptability and continuous learning.
With your expertise and experience, what advice would you give to the younger generation who wish to excel in the field of law?
My advice to young lawyers is to find you drive in what you love to practice as a lawyer in this very road that many have travelled. Now your journey may not be like others, so you can pave new paths, create detours, or merge with other knowledge banks, as long as you steer yourself to your destination.
You started your educational journey at the University of Mumbai, where you achieved rank holder status. Reflecting on that time, was law a predetermined career path for you? What motivated you to eventually pursue an MBA?
Law wasn’t always a clear-cut path for me. I kind of stumbled into it, like someone taking the scenic route and unexpectedly discovering a hidden gem. Becoming a rank holder at the University of Mumbai made me realize that I had a real talent for it, and it opened doors to a fulfilling career. Pursuing an MBA was a natural next step—it felt like adding a new dimension to my skill set. I wanted to combine my legal expertise with a business mindset, giving me an extra edge. After all, understanding the rules is important, but mastering the strategy is what truly makes a difference.
After completing your bachelor’s degree in law, you pursued a Master’s degree specialising in Business and Corporate Law. What sparked your interest in this specialisation, and how has it influenced your career?
Specializing in Business and Corporate Law was like deciding to take on the whole challenge, not just a part of it. I’ve always been fascinated by how businesses operate—from their internal structures to the deals that shape their growth. Getting into this field gave me the opportunity to hone my technical skills in areas like contract negotiation, risk management, and regulatory compliance. Managing mergers, acquisitions, and high-value contracts has become second nature, and I’ve gained the ability to analyse the finer details that make or break a deal. It’s not just about understanding the law but about applying it strategically to achieve the best outcomes. This specialization has equipped me with the expertise to craft legally sound documents while ensuring that the business objectives are met, making me confident in driving complex negotiations from start to finish.
At the beginning of your career, you worked for 4 years as a legal associate before finally switching to corporate as an in-house counsel. What inspired your transition and could you share your experience working in both cultures?
Transitioning from a legal associate to an in-house counsel felt like going from being a spectator in the stands to actively playing on the field. As an associate, the focus is more on legal technicalities, but in-house, you’re embedded in the business, facing challenges side by side with your team. One key aspect I’ve realized is that having a solid understanding of litigation is essential for any in-house counsel. It helps in recognizing potential legal risks, understanding the procedures, and confidently handling disputes when they arise. In fact, as in-house counsel, we often handle certain litigation matters ourselves, which has allowed me to become more comfortable with the unknown. This experience equips me with the knowledge to not only address issues as they surface but to anticipate them and strategically guide the business through them.
Having collaborated with many prominent names, you are now the Head Legal Counsel for Knowledge Works Global Ltd. (KGL), a CJK Group Company. What has been one of the most interesting cases you’ve worked on, and what was your approach to handling it?
Oh, where to start! One of the most exciting parts of my work is handling tech deals. I love collaborating with the tech teams—there’s always something new to learn. Sometimes I wonder if I’m asking too many simple questions, but honestly, it’s an amazing journey, and those questions help me dive deeper.
That said, if I had to choose one standout contract, it would be the one I handled for Virat Kohli’s brand promotion with HSBC. The negotiations were intense, and it took me more than six months to finalize. By the end, I could feel the exhaustion setting in, but I knew I had to keep a cool head when the stakes were high. The approach? It was all about meticulous preparation, staying patient, and playing the long game. At the end of the day, it came down to finding that sweet spot where everyone walked away happy—or at least convinced they had come out ahead. After all, it’s not just about how you play the hand, but how you sell it to the table.
In your impressive career spanning over 10 years, you’ve likely worked with numerous national and international clients. How has being a Certified Information Privacy Professional/Europe (CIPP/E) enhanced your understanding of the complexities surrounding privacy issues in different international jurisdictions?
Being CIPP/E-certified has been crucial in enhancing my understanding of the complex landscape of privacy laws across various jurisdictions. While it’s fundamental to recognize the existence of privacy laws, comprehending the specific nuances and differences between countries is where the real expertise lies. For instance, Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes strict requirements on data handling and protection, while other regions may have more relaxed policies that vary significantly.
This certification has equipped me with the knowledge necessary to provide effective advice to clients regarding cross-border data flows. It allows me to help businesses understand their obligations under different legal frameworks and the implications of non-compliance. Moreover, in a constantly evolving legal environment, staying updated on these regulations is essential for ensuring that my clients not only meet legal requirements but also adopt best practices for data protection.
Ultimately, my CIPP/E certification enables me to offer strategic insights that empower my clients to navigate the complexities of international privacy laws confidently. It’s about providing them with the tools and knowledge to thrive in a global market while safeguarding their data and maintaining compliance with relevant regulations.
During your time at Book My Show, you managed contracts for major live events featuring international artists. In your opinion, what are the key aspects that a legal practitioner, particularly one specialising in contract management, should consider when drafting contracts with international legal implications?
When drafting international contracts, it’s essential to approach the process with the mindset of a strategist, anticipating potential developments well into the future. This involves several key considerations, such as thoroughly understanding the regulatory landscape in each jurisdiction involved. Selecting the appropriate governing law is crucial, as it sets the framework for how the contract will be interpreted and enforced.
Additionally, addressing data privacy concerns at the outset is vital, given the varying regulations across countries. This ensures that all parties are aware of their responsibilities regarding data protection from the beginning. Furthermore, incorporating flexibility in critical terms, such as force majeure, is important, particularly when contracts involve live events that may be susceptible to unforeseen circumstances, ranging from a global pandemic to natural disasters.
The goal is to effectively address potential “what ifs” without unnecessarily complicating the agreement. This balance allows for a comprehensive contract that protects the interests of all parties while maintaining clarity and simplicity in the terms. By doing so, we can create agreements that are not only legally sound but also adaptable to the unpredictable nature of international business.
As a strategic legal counsel supporting the company’s legal operations across global jurisdictions, how do you believe the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 is reshaping the digital landscape in India? What practices would you implement to navigate the changes introduced by this act?
The DPDP Act 2023 is fundamentally transforming the landscape of data privacy, compelling companies to rethink how they collect, process, and safeguard data. This legislation encourages organizations to enhance their data-handling practices and embrace a privacy-first mindset.
To effectively respond to these changes, I recommend that businesses prioritize updating their data management policies and conducting regular audits. It’s also crucial to ensure that the entire team is thoroughly familiar with the new compliance requirements. Think of this process as analogous to upgrading your operating system—it’s essential to ensure that everything operates seamlessly and efficiently, minimizing the risk of unexpected challenges. By proactively adapting to these new standards, organizations can not only achieve compliance but also build trust with their customers.
With over a decade of experience, what advice would you offer to our young readers who aspire to become successful corporate and commercial lawyers in the future?
Always bring your best to the negotiation table—being the most knowledgeable person in the room means understanding not only when to speak but also when to listen.
First and foremost, it is essential to adopt a mindset of continuous learning, as the legal landscape is ever-evolving. Staying current is vital for success in this field. It is important not to confine oneself to theoretical knowledge; gaining practical experience through real-world cases can greatly enhance one’s understanding. Additionally, developing both legal expertise and business acumen is crucial. By combining these skills, as a legal professional one can solve complex situations more effectively and make informed decisions that benefit all parties involved.
So Vaishvi, what was your motivation behind choosing to pursue law as a career?
Law as a career is a very zestful practice and you will learn something new on everyday basis. I firmly believe in acquiring knowledge and develop multifaceted skills from wherever it is possible. I did actually wanted to serve people in some way or the other and choosing a career in law was the answer to this! As, Henry Beecher said “A law is valuable, not because it is a law, but because there is right in it”. I therefore wanted to educate people on their rights and help them if they get stuck in any legal trouble.
Please elaborate about the role of a Media and entertainment lawyer.
As a media and entertainment lawyer, we have a crucial role in advising individuals, companies, and organizations in the media and entertainment industry on legal issues related to the creation, distribution, and exploitation of content. The responsibilities of a media and entertainment lawyer can include:
Reviewing and negotiating contracts: This may include contracts for the creation, distribution, and exploitation of film, television, music, publishing, and other types of content.
Advising on intellectual property issues: This may include trademark and copyright protection, licensing, and disputes over the ownership of content.
Advising on regulatory issues: This may include advising clients on laws related to advertising, broadcasting, and telecommunication.
Advising on talent representation: This may include advising on the negotiation of talent agreements and representing talent in disputes with their employers.
Defending clients against lawsuits: This may include lawsuits related to defamation, invasion of privacy, and infringement of intellectual property rights.
Advising on mergers and acquisitions: This may include advising clients on the legal aspects of mergers and acquisitions within the media and entertainment industry. Overall, Media and Entertainment attorneys are essential in guiding their clients through the intricate and often changing legal environment that surrounds the media and entertainment sector.
We would also like to know about the award you received for the outstanding Leadership Award in Law 2.0 conference and what it took to win that award?
Law 2.0 Conference was held in Dubai, UAE from 16th to 18th December 2022 where in total six conferences were scheduled. I was awarded for the Outstanding Leadership Award in the Law 2.0 Conference. We also had an opportunity to connect with people from different sectors and learning their synergies. I was also a panellist for a panel discussion which was on “How to protect your brand in the Digital Space”. I would say as a result of my diligence and enthusiasm for the legal sector. I was the one who studied and kept up with my social life while I was attending law school. I firmly believe in striking a balance between my personal and professional lives, therefore when I was a student, I gave my coursework my all-out love and dedication, and when I was with friends, I had a blast. So work life balance is very important in today’s life. As a first-generation lawyer, I had a lot of challenges landing internships and starting my own business. I made a lot of mistakes, but in life you learn from them and become a better leader. Therefore, in my opinion, the reason I won is because of my passion, my willingness to learn new things, and my positive outlook.
What do you like to do in your free time?
Spending time with my family, my three dogs, and going on trips with them are some of my favourite things to do when I have free time. Due to my conviction that everyone should lead a healthy lifestyle, I often practise yoga and meditation. Additionally, I enjoy trying out different foods. I enjoy listening to new tunes, cooking, and watching movies and television.
Given that you have expertise in IPR policies, what drawbacks do you see in our current IPR laws?
According to me, these are some drawbacks to the current IP laws that are often discussed:
1. Complexity and unpredictability: IP laws can be complex and difficult to navigate, especially for small businesses and individual creators who may not have the resources to navigate the legal system. This can make it difficult for people to protect their creations and to know if they are infringing on someone else’s rights.
2. Slowing down innovation: IP laws can also slow down innovation by creating barriers to entry for new businesses and individuals who may be building upon existing innovations. This can result in a reduction in competition and progress in certain fields.
3. Cost: Obtaining and enforcing IP rights can be expensive, which can make it difficult for smaller entities and individuals to protect their creations. This can lead to unequal protection of IP rights, where only those with the resources to afford the legal process are able to protect their innovations.
4. Imbalance in power: The current IP laws often favor large companies and organizations over individual creators and small businesses. This can result in an imbalance in bargaining power, making it difficult for smaller entities to negotiate fair terms for the use of their creations.
5. Limitations on access to knowledge and information: IP laws can limit access to knowledge and information, making it more difficult for people to build upon existing innovations and create new ones. This can result in a reduction in the flow of ideas and creativity, which is essential for progress and innovation. These are some of the drawbacks of current IP laws, and while they are important to consider, they are also challenges that can be addressed through ongoing efforts to reform and improve the IP system.
In order to end this conversation, kindly tell us about the things which keep you motivated in your area of expertise.
As I already mentioned that, the legal field can be intellectually stimulating, as it involves continuous learning and staying up to date with new developments and changes in the law. As a lawyer, I really enjoy learning and being able to help people with my knowledge and skills keeps me motivated. Also, my desire for success drives me to do well. What motivates me to keep going is the knowledge that my diligence and tenacity will enable me to experience more professional achievement. One way to do it, in my opinion, is to have the company’s goal and values coincide with mine. Knowing that my efforts are on the right track motivates me to exert greater effort. Success is therefore vital to me on a personal level as well as an organisational level. The growth of the company, which ultimately results in success and personal achievement, provides motivation. There may be times when I fail or stagnate, but it doesn’t demotivate me. On the other hand, I feel re-energized and ready to work harder. Regardless of the situation, what keeps the fire burning within me is the taste of achievement after a setback.
What factors made you opt for Law as a profession? How would you describe yourself as a law student?
There were 3 main reasons for me to choose to study law– a) I was good at debating and articulating my thoughts; b) I was in sheer awe of the black robes worn by Advocates and c) I wanted to opt for a profession different than the members of the family (the rebel in me).
You completed your masters in International Business Law from the National University of Singapore (NUS). What challenges have you faced in the admissions process?
I applied to NUS because I was aware of and most impressed by their pedagogue and selection methodology. NUS always looks at a student in a holistic manner without focusing on one aspect alone. I remember writing my Statement of Purpose with a lot of heart and I think that’s what got me through. The admission process was as smooth as butter and it was the best time of my life!
What special efforts does a law student have to make while pursuing law as a profession?
For any student to succeed in the field of choice one has to be diligent, focused and disciplined. These key strengths are what will get you through anything. In the same vein, I would like to add, that as a law student, you should write as much as you can, do as many internships as you can and be a part of the requisite co-curricular.
After interning and working under various law firms, you started practicing independently in Fashion and Entertainment Law, IP Prosecution, transactional and litigation. How would you describe your role as an independent practitioner? How strenuous is it to deal with and lead the matters?
My role as an independent practitioner is manyfold and I get to wear different hats from being an accountant to a paralegal to even a PR manager, but I wouldn’t have it any other way. It is most stressful but not as much as it is exhilarating and satisfactory.
Fashion and Entertainment Law, these words excite most young creative-minded lawyers. What according to you this area of law seeks from an advocate? Is this area as exciting as it sounds? How can one enter into Fashion and Entertainment Law?
I say often that I work in the most exciting genre/vertical/niche of civil law which is Fashion and Entertainment. I can understand the appeal that it has over students and young lawyers but I must warn them that like any other vertical of law, this also demands an equal amount of research, skill and strategy. Fashion and Entertainment law is an umbrella that houses many genres of law like Torts, Contracts, Intellectual Property, Custom law, Employment law, Criminal law and many others.
First, a student must understand each aspect of Fashion and Entertainment law which only internships can provide. Read as many cases and keep yourself updated on the latest developments. One can join a law firm with such a vertical or be an in-house lawyer for a fashion brand or even enter it through academics.
Would you like to discuss how brand names create a monopoly in the fashion industry?
For a brand name to create a monopoly in the market, they have to protect its name in terms of a trademark, its designs in terms of copyright or design, and its technology in terms of a patent and safeguard all of them through contracts. Apart from this, global goodwill and repute play a big role in creating a niche in the market.
You are also accredited with WIPF Powerful Women in IP 2021. Would you like to discuss your achievement and the hard work involved in that?
Before WIPF I was offered many awards for which I would have had to pay a sum of money in some form or the other. I detest that approach. So when WIPF got in touch with me, their first email stated that this did not involve any pecuniary transaction. This list was a compilation of the best Female IP lawyers in the country. For me to be on the same list as Justice Pratibha Singh and both of my ex-employers, was enough gratification for me.
Since the first lockdown, I shifted my focus online by conducting various webinars and talks. I also formulated my own Fashion Law Module. All I had was consistency and hard work and that was all I needed to get me to where I am today.
What considerations do you take into account while hiring a legal professional/ graduate in your firm? What advice would you give to others who want to set off in a similar direction?
I look at my juniors/interns as my colleagues and equals and expect them to work as hard as I do. A brief understanding of IP is important, the rest one always learns along the way.
Don’t be afraid is what I’ll tell others. Don’t hesitate in asking for work or looking for guidance. Teach yourself something new every day and you shall be more than fine!
