Super Lawyer

Category: Interviews

  • “In my view, not every conflict calls for the rigours of litigation, many can be effectively  resolved through dialogue and a planned, structured settlement process.” – Ankita Sarangi, Advocate-on-Record and  IMI Accredited Mediator.

    “In my view, not every conflict calls for the rigours of litigation, many can be effectively  resolved through dialogue and a planned, structured settlement process.” – Ankita Sarangi, Advocate-on-Record and  IMI Accredited Mediator.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Looking back at your formative years and legal education, what early experiences  shaped your perspective towards law and inspired you to pursue a career in  litigation and dispute resolution? 

    Born and brought up in Delhi, I completed my schooling at DPS RK Puram, studying  from nursery to 12th grade, with the initial years up to Class 5 spent in the junior wing  of the school. 

    I belong to the pre-CLAT era, when each law school conducted its own entrance  examination. At that time, choosing a college also meant carefully evaluating both its  location and the professional opportunities that followed. I had intentionally decided  against taking multiple entrance exams, but a trusted recommendation persuaded me to  attempt the entrance for the National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS).  I was later formally informed that I had successfully cleared the entrance exam and was  eligible to secure admission to NUALS. However, after passing the entrance exam for  Indraprastha University (Amity Law School), I chose to enrol there, as its location in  Delhi-NCR and its ranking in the top ten law colleges in India, were rather significant  factors in my decision at the time. 

    My decision was primarily driven by the fact that Delhi provided a far more conducive  environment for pursuing a career in law, particularly in litigation, which was my area  of interest. However, with the benefit of hindsight, I now believe that institutional  rankings are of limited consequence in the long run, especially for those committed to  a career in litigation since law is a profession that transcends classroom learning and genuine mastery can only be forged through practical application and real-world experience. 

    While the school provided a solid platform, it was the inspiration I drew from my  parents, both of whom had worked with the government and were highly accomplished from an early age, that set a high benchmark for me and encouraged me to take my  academics seriously while also pursuing co-curricular activities such as debates and  beyond. I was always drawn to writing and was made aware that I had a natural ease with language. Outside the school curriculum, I found joy in exploring a variety of non  fiction books and articles, driven by a curiosity to better understand how the world  works. I was particularly drawn to topics in psychology and neuroscience, which still continue to captivate me. I believe this reading has also quietly shaped me in becoming more empathetic, a quality that proves valuable particularly in mediation. I’ve always  found satisfaction in tackling problems and working toward practical solutions, and was  grateful that others felt comfortable seeking my advice. Through helping them resolve  personal conflicts and find common ground, I developed a sincere interest in  Alternative Dispute Resolution. 

    During my academic years, I remained actively engaged in co-curricular activities,  including parliamentary debates, Model United Nations, coupled with several extra  curricular such as taking part in inter-school competitions, winning as a solo singer in  important music competitions as well as inter school level athletics which I believe does give one confidence and discipline while also encouraging prompt, judicious thinking  under pressure, and embrace competition. In my opinion, extra-curricular and co-curricular activities teach early on that winning and losing are both part of the game,  something I came to appreciate through sports and other competitions in these formative years, and which continues to shape my approach as a lawyer. 

    During your time at Law School, you undertook intensive internships with leading  law firms, arbitration centres, and the offices of Additional Solicitor General. How  were they transformative, and how did they influence your career path?

    Internships were not mandatory for students at that time, unlike the current practice in  most colleges, following the BCI notification. The primary reason to pursue them for  me, was to gain exposure to the profession at an early stage. I was very keen on  exploring a wide range of laws, including unconventional areas such as Sports Law and  TDSAT matters, which were not commonly taken up. I enjoyed the process of securing  internships through my own effort which has also helped me become independent. I  actively went for interviews, followed up with offices, and treated the process as a  learning experience in itself. Alongside this, I also participated in many inter-college  and intra-college moot court competitions as a speaker and was fortunate to secure good  positions and awards. After graduating, I have been invited to judge college moot  courts, which often reminds me of my own time as a speaker and participant, recalling  the long hours and sometimes several months of preparation that went into each round.

    One experience from the internship days that stands out for me is when I wanted to  intern with the office of an ex-ASG, which was very coveted, and very few students  would get selected or allowed to intern at the office at a time. I pursued the application  consistently, without using any references, and was ultimately offered the chance to  intern. When he later realized that my family was acquainted with him, he asked why I  had gone through the entire process, but for me, the satisfaction lay in doing it  independently. Similarly, I secured internships at several law firms and at DIAC (at the  time known as Delhi High Court Arbitration Centre), again through persistent  applications and interviews. At DIAC, I gained early exposure to institutional  arbitration and was introduced to how such proceedings are conducted in practice. 

    It’s worth mentioning that all my internships, except one, were unpaid and I never had  any reservations about that. It was generally understood that internships were about  learning rather than stipends; payment, if offered, was considered a bonus, not an  entitlement. The one exception was at a law firm where, at the time of joining, I was  clearly informed that I would be paid a fixed amount for the duration. If an internship  is undertaken mainly or solely for financial reasons, it is important that this be  communicated at the outset, since paid internships carry a very different set of  expectations. Raising monetary demands midway is neither fair to the seniors nor  consistent with professional conduct. Any agreement regarding payment should,  therefore, be clearly confirmed in writing, preferably over mail. 

    Each firm I interned with also gave me insights into its specialized practice areas, which helped me appreciate the finer aspects of the profession and further helped me  develop a sense of independence very early on. I believe internships are extremely  important for law students, as they offer a practical glimpse into what lies ahead after  law school. During my internship, I often worked long hours, staying back even after  the associates had left to complete the work they had assigned, often under strict  deadlines, and was usually among the first to arrive each morning, not with the intention  of being absorbed in the firms, but simply to absorb as much as possible and maximize  the learning experience.

    You began your professional journey assisting the Additional Solicitor General at  the Delhi High Court, where you were exposed to high-profile government  litigation at a very early stage. Soon after, you worked with an Advocate-on Record at the Supreme Court. Looking back, what lessons did you draw from  these formative experiences, and how did they shape your understanding of  appellate practice and prepare you for eventually qualifying as an AOR yourself? 

    Immediately after graduation, I joined as an associate with the then ASG and had the  opportunity to work on high-profile cases, including the “Nirbhaya” case among others. My time in the office gave me practical exposure to handling government matters,  understanding the functioning of such offices, and working in a fast-paced environment  where cases often arrived late in the evening and required the four associates to read  files and prepare briefs within tight deadlines for the next day’s listing, which was quite  demanding and often required working late into the night. While attending meetings  and briefings was an interesting learning experience, starting the career in a designated  senior’s office has its limitations, particularly in drafting, which is an essential skill for  any litigating lawyer. Seeking more substantial drafting experience, I decided to join  an AOR in the Supreme Court with whom I was already familiar. This arrangement  allowed me to pursue my own private practice before lower courts and tribunals part time while working in the office, where I would take initiative to draft SLPs and  government-side Counters, as the office was on the panel for the State Government. 

    While this may not hold true for everyone, I had recognized that taking the AOR exam  would be professionally significant, yet I could not have anticipated the profound  impact it would have on my career once I qualified. I was aware that becoming an  Advocate-on-Record, particularly in the current generation, carries significant prestige, responsibility and accountability. Most who qualify today have amassed significant  experience across various courts and tribunals before reaching the appellate stage  practice, which equips them with a deeper understanding of the nuances of such  practice, a perspective that is harder to acquire when starting directly at that level.

    By 2014, you had taken the bold step of establishing an independent practice.  What were some of the challenges you faced and how did you navigate them? 

    When I began my independent practice, my work was mainly in lower courts, service  disputes before the CAT, and High Court litigation, and much of it non-contentious. Initially, I dedicated time to working on several pro bono cases. One of the turning  points came when I was empanelled with DLSA/DSLSA for the CAT panel, where I  was one of the five advocates and was selected on merit through a shortlisting and  interview process. It is often assumed that legal aid is confined to the economically  weaker sections, but under The Legal Services Authorities Act, children, women, senior  citizens, disabled and socially backward classes are equally entitled irrespective of  income. This gave me exposure to clients from very diverse backgrounds and allowed  me to develop the ability to handle people and their concerns at an early stage. 

    What made the experience especially meaningful was the trust it created. The  beneficiaries who appreciated my commitment towards their cause and work, often  referred me to their acquaintances, and I would also receive referrals from some  unexpected sources, such as court staff in some courts and other professional networks.  The referrals have not been confined to service matters, but I have also been entrusted  with their personal matters, including criminal, property, and matrimonial cases, among  others. These acknowledgments strengthened my belief in sincerity and perseverance  as the foundation of practice.  

    On a more personal note, I come from a family of high achievers and accomplished  individuals, most of whom have pursued structured and conventional career paths. 

    Except for my grandfather, who had earned great respect in his time as a prominent  lawyer, I had not personally heard of anyone establish an independent practice and face  the unique challenges that come with it, though I often wish he had still been practicing  when I entered the profession as he was a great inspiration and influenced my decision  to pursue law. I grew up hearing stories of how clients valued his exceptional legal  acumen and how he consistently achieved favourable verdicts. 

    Choosing litigation, and doing so as a self-made woman lawyer, brings its own set of  hurdles, but it also gave me resilience, confidence, and the satisfaction of building a  practice on my own merit. I believe it is important for anyone to have some support  system, and for me, that strength came primarily from my grandfather and parents, who  consistently encouraged me to pursue my dreams without being bound by the  conventional expectations of society.  

    You’ve dealt with a wide spectrum of cases in the Supreme Court as an Advocate on-Record, a few of which resulted in reportable judgments. How do you see these  experiences contributing to your professional and personal journey? 

    While my work in the High Court and lower courts has spanned matters, including appearances both for the government and for private parties, much of my work in the  Supreme Court has involved representing predominantly private parties, including  matters against different State Governments. What I’ve really valued about being an  AOR is the chance to engage with a wide variety of matters, all under one roof in a  short span. Over the years, I’ve handled cases touching on GST, Customs, SEBI,  statutory appeals from NCLAT, Service disputes, Transfer Petitions, and criminal  matters including bail, with some of them resulting in reportable judgments. Among  those, most recently, I argued a batch of cases concerning compassionate appointments,  where the Hon’ble Apex court upheld the High Court’s decision in favor of my clients,  granted the relief we sought, and issued important directives to the State. 

    On the professional and personal front, it is truly the vagaries of litigation that will shape you the most over time. There are days when I appear for a Petitioner/Applicant on a particular issue, and almost immediately thereafter, I may find myself defending  the Respondent on the same point in another matter. This frequent transition between perspectives necessitates not only a versatile approach to advocacy but also enhances the way one navigates difficulties in life, while also serving as a reminder that the law  is never unidimensional. 

    Your work as a mediator accredited by the International Mediation Institute  reflects a strong commitment to alternative dispute resolution. Alongside  mediation, you also have substantial experience in arbitration. In your view, how are these mechanisms evolving in India, and what role do you see them playing in  the future of dispute resolution? 

    In my view, not every conflict calls for the rigours of litigation, many can be effectively  resolved through dialogue and a planned, structured settlement process, a perspective  also endorsed by several sitting and retired judges across different courts. This line of  thought naturally steered me towards arbitration and mediation, reflecting an  inclination I had held from early on.  

    The journey for me in mediation began with intensive training of 120 hours initially with an international institute based in Germany, which involved regular simulations  and close interaction with participants from diverse jurisdictions. This foundation  gradually opened opportunities to mediate international disputes alongside colleagues  from different countries, many of whom became professional associates during the  course of training. I became involved in this sphere when mediation was still at its  nascent stage, much prior to the establishment of a statutory framework and I was aware  that it was a burgeoning field with great potential in future. Referrals followed naturally,  leading to further exposure and practice. I would like to think of mediation, by its very  nature, as an inherent skill while also one that is refined through experience and  continuous practice. Once qualified as a mediator, one need not wear the mediator’s hat  at all times. The profession demands the ability to know how to switch hats, as the skill  set of a mediator differs fundamentally from that of an advocate. 

    During mediation training, we are introduced to several techniques, which come in  handy, one of which is the classic ‘Orange parable’, it illustrates how two daughters  quarrelled over an orange; one wanted the fruit to eat, the other the peel to bake a cake.  By simply dividing it in half, each lost half of what she truly needed, but had the mother  asked why they wanted it, both could have received 100% of what they sought. The  story highlights how exploring underlying interests, rather than positions, often creates  outcomes that add value at no extra cost. 

    My interest in arbitration began during college while preparing as a speaker for a  prestigious international arbitration moot court competition. The research and learning  involved sparked a deep curiosity about the entire process. This led me to apply for an  internship with the DIAC, where I spent a few months gaining first-hand exposure  while still in college. Gradually, I began handling arbitration matters and found the process very engaging, particularly the intricacies of cross-examination, which require  precision and technicality rather than generic questioning, given that its appreciation in arbitration differs from that in a trial. A few years later, I found myself as an arbitrator  in a matter that was successfully steered towards settlement. Over the years, I joined  several national and international arbitration organizations through paid annual  memberships. While these affiliations offer valuable professional connections, I believe  the primary focus should remain on steadily building meaningful work in the field as  accumulating memberships alone, without gradually building substantive work, may  not serve a deeper purpose in advancing one’s practice or the profession. 

    It is becoming increasingly clear that ADR is not merely an alternative but represents  the future of dispute resolution. With technological advancements enabling Online  Dispute Resolution (ODR) and the legal framework evolving accordingly, it is  especially being recognized as the way forward for cross-border disputes. Even for that matter in domestic arbitration and mediation, the ability for counsels and parties to  participate remotely is a convenience that was virtually unknown until recently and with  that convenience comes a greater willingness among people to engage in the process, leaving fewer excuses to avoid it. 

    Beyond your work in courtrooms, you have also been invited to various forums  and platforms. Could you share how such opportunities have enriched your  professional journey? 

    My longstanding interest in subjects extending beyond law such as international  relations/foreign affairs, which I have actively explored by writing articles on diverse  topics that were published in reputed newspapers and journals, I believe for me, has  opened doors to unique opportunities beyond conventional legal practice. These  engagements have allowed me to be invited to various forums, media platforms and  different Embassies, participate in discussions on cross-border issues, and build  meaningful connections with diplomats and professionals in the field and beyond. Such  interactions also help to enrich your professional outlook.

    Alongside your independent practice, you serve as a Senior panel counsel for  prominent government bodies like MTNL, NDMC, MCD, DDA and others. How  different is it to represent government and public sector entities compared to  private clients, and what unique responsibilities come with it? 

    Representing government and public sector entities presents challenges and  opportunities that are distinct from a private practice involving private parties. The  outcomes in public sector matters often have far-reaching implications, potentially  impacting public funds, policy decisions, or matters of governance, rather than just  individual or corporate interests. The process of receiving and executing instructions  often involves multiple layers of guidance and approvals, requiring both patience and  clear communication as directives pass through several officials. There is also an  increased sense of accountability, as being a lawyer for the government involves  safeguarding the public interest in addition to advancing the client’s position. Timelines  and strategies can be shaped by the internal institutional protocols and procedural  requirements, yet the obligation on the panel counsels to maintain the highest  professional standards is unwavering. It requires not only a certain level of legal  expertise, understanding of the court craft but also a balanced approach that respects  both the letter of the law and the wider societal stakes involved. At the same time,  private practice from the private Petitioner and Applicant’s side offers unique rewards.  The chance to work closely with clients, shape the strategy of a matter, and see the  tangible impact of your work makes the experience deeply satisfying, while each setting  brings its own distinct professional lessons.  

    It bears mention that I have often encountered conflict of interest, since many  individuals approach me for matters involving the same departments where I am  empanelled. This highlights a limitation one cannot afford to put all their eggs in one  basket. In fact, empanelment is sometimes perceived as the ultimate goal for many  freshers, whereas in reality, it should only be meant to an end. The real challenge lies  in the dynamics of whether matters are actually assigned which has numerous variables  at play that are not always apparent to individuals aspiring for empanelment. In my  view, empanelment is valuable only if one has a reasonable prospect of leveraging them  over the long term, since more often than not they come at the cost of opportunities in  private practice that one has to forgo.

    With constant changes in legislation, regulatory frameworks, and commercial  practices, how do you stay updated on the latest legal developments? What advice  would you offer to students and young lawyers who aspire to build successful  careers in litigation and dispute resolution?

    First and foremost, I believe it is important to discover one’s own “Ikigai” , a concept  beautifully articulated in the book by the same name, which speaks of finding one’s  true purpose. For me, law was never about money or wealth, it goes much deeper. 

    At the same time, conviction alone is not enough, the law demands continuous learning,  and purpose finds its true meaning only when matched with consistency and diligence. To stay current with the constant changes in legislation, regulatory frameworks, and  commercial practices, I rely on a blend of traditional resources and contemporary tools.  I am subscribed to reputed legal journals and follow bi monthly if not weekly updates  from regulatory bodies. If a particular webinar or conference interests me, I make it a  point to watch the sessions or recordings whenever time permits, as they invariably  provide practical perspectives that go beyond what one finds in print. 

    On a more practical level, I find some WhatsApp groups to be useful for timely updates  though one must be selective, as some are driven by informal exchanges rather than  substance. I have also maintained paid subscriptions to legal databases, and whenever  possible, I even like to read international publications such as The Economist and The  Guardian to keep a more rounded view. In litigation, time management is extremely  critical. There is always too much to read and absorb, so the key lies in prioritizing  credible sources and ensuring that learning remains consistent, even if not exhaustive. After all, there are perhaps only a few professions/roles that demand knowledge across  a vast spectrum of disciplines and engagement with society at large namely those of a  judge, a civil servant and an advocate. Therefore, as a lawyer, the reading cannot be  confined to judgments alone. 

    For students and young lawyers aspiring to build careers in litigation and dispute  resolution, my advice is to not follow someone else’s path just because it worked for  them. Your journey is unique, so find what resonates with you and let it guide your  growth in this dynamic field.

    Get in touch with Ankita Sarangi –

  • “I truly realized that law was my calling when I began to understand how the legal system serves as a tool to help individuals identify and secure their rights, while safeguarding their interests.” – Vrinda Daga, Founder at VR LAW.

    “I truly realized that law was my calling when I began to understand how the legal system serves as a tool to help individuals identify and secure their rights, while safeguarding their interests.” – Vrinda Daga, Founder at VR LAW.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    With over a decade of experience spanning litigation, arbitration, and corporate advisory, what inspired your transition from an academic background in economics to a full-fledged legal career? What drew you to the practice of law?

    Anyone who chooses to pursue a challenging or demanding field must first ask themselves a fundamental question about their motivation and commitment. For me, the transition from Economics to Law was shaped by a single, thought-provoking evening discussion with my mentor, who questioned me about my future career path while I was in the second year of my undergraduate program. Unlike many of my peers who found Economics dry and difficult subject to grasp, I had a different perspective. Economics not only deepened my understanding of fundamental commercial principles, such as demand and supply, but also sharpened my analytical thinking and ability to evaluate situations rationally. I truly realized that law was my calling when I began to understand how the legal system serves as a tool to help individuals identify and secure their rights, while safeguarding their interests.

    You’ve represented clients in high-stakes civil and commercial disputes. Could you share one of the most challenging cases you’ve handled so far, what made it particularly demanding, and how did it shape your approach?

    Maintaining the confidentiality of parties is essential to preserve their dignity and integrity. One such instance involved a family dispute where the daughter-in-law claimed rights over the assets of her mother-in-law based on a Memorandum of Family Arrangement executed among the family members. The mother-in-law and daughter-in-law were residing in the same house, while the son (and husband of the daughter-in-law) was living abroad.

    The mother-in-law, who had inherited both movable and immovable assets from her deceased husband, was dependent on the court’s intervention to access and utilize these assets for her daily maintenance. However, due to the COVID-19 outbreak, court proceedings were delayed, disrupting the entire legal process. Eventually, through the intervention and mutual discussions facilitated by the legal representatives of both parties, a settlement was amicably reached.

    The family settlement not only resolved long-standing disputes and differences but also brought much-needed relief to the family members, allowing them to move forward amicably in their respective lives. Personally, this case gave me immense satisfaction, as the elderly mother-in-law finally found peace and solace in her old age, gaining relief from what could have been an unending cycle of family disputes and disagreements.

    This experience was one of the most significant family settlements I have been involved in, and it changed my approach to handling family disputes. Since then, I have consistently advised my clients to consider amicable resolution and mutual settlement wherever possible, rather than engaging in prolonged and indefinite litigation.

    In your advisory work with startups on legal compliance and employment law, what are some of the common legal pitfalls you’ve observed? How do you tailor your guidance to meet the unique needs of early-stage businesses?

    Each startup venturing into the development of its unique business model in today’s competitive market is not only driven by innovation but also holds confidential and proprietary data and information. At inception, the intent is almost always to build the business in an atmosphere of complete confidentiality and discretion. However, due to a lack of awareness regarding legal requirements and compliance frameworks, many startup founders inadvertently overlook key statutory obligations.

    When a startup founder or their associate seeks legal advice, I make it a priority to first educate them on the bare minimum legal and compliance requirements necessary to establish their entity in a structured and compliant manner. I then advocate the importance of legal structuring to ensure smooth and sustainable business operations.

    In my view, guidance is not a one-time exercise—it is a continuous process. However, the role of a legal advisor extends beyond merely offering guidance. Accessibility and consistent availability are equally critical in enabling early-stage businesses to remain legally compliant and to gradually manoeuvre independently with confidence. A legal advisor must act not just as a consultant, but as a reliable partner throughout the startup’s journey, ensuring that the foundation is strong and the business is equipped to navigate complexities on its own over time.

    I firmly believe that it is an advocate’s professional and ethical responsibility to provide clients—whether a startup or an individual—with clear interpretations of the law, as well as a thorough explanation of their roles, responsibilities, rights, and duties. This, to me, goes beyond a moral obligation; it is part of our code of conduct as legal professionals.

    Having worked both as an independent practitioner and within a law firm, how would you compare the dynamics, responsibilities, and client expectations in each setting? What motivated your decision to establish a law firm?

    In my view, independent practice and firm practice are two sides of the same coin. As an independent legal practitioner, the focus is largely on litigation matters, including Alternative Dispute Resolution. On the other hand, firm practice generally offers a broader scope—you cater to both litigation and non-litigation matters.

    That said, if a firm intends to maintain a more focused approach, it can adopt a boutique law firm model, which specializes in a limited set of core areas. This ultimately depends on individual choice and the vision one has for their practice.

    At VR Law, we follow the boutique law firm model. We handle a mix of litigation and non-litigation work, such as general commercial litigation and contracts, while consciously narrowing our focus to ensure depth and quality. Our primary intention is to deliver optimum outcomes to our clients.

    Now, if I were to compare firm practice with independent practice, I would say it’s not a matter of one being better than the other—they simply operate differently. In firm practice, there is more structured client interaction, compliance, documentation, and continuous updates to clients. It also requires being consistently aware of amendments, circulars, and procedures in order to provide prompt and accurate solutions.

    Independent practice, of course, carries responsibilities as well, but compared to firm practice, the quantum of compliance and client management is relatively lighter. In the end, both have their own value depending on what a lawyer seeks in their professional journey.

    Your legal practice spans a wide range of sectors from real estate to intellectual property catering to a diverse clientele. How do you keep yourself abreast of changing regulatory frameworks and sector-specific legal developments?

    This is actually a tough one, but I believe there is one thing common to all lawyers—whether attorneys, counsels, or legal practitioners—and that is reading. Regardless of the format or medium we adopt in our daily routine, reading is a must. Like most budding and practicing lawyers, I make it a point to read or listen to the latest judgments, legal updates, circulars, or notifications.

    There are times when professional or administrative responsibilities take over, and I may not be able to keep up on a daily basis. But I always make sure to go back, revisit, and update myself. Thanks to social media platforms and digital resources, access to legal updates has become much easier.

    That said, I firmly believe that nothing can replace the bare act. I make it a habit to go back to the law itself—read the provisions, understand the legislative intent, and refresh my interpretation at regular intervals. What’s interesting is that each time you read a bare act, your understanding of a concept deepens, and your perspective evolves, allowing you to apply it in a more refined and effective manner.

    Most importantly, I would like to share an advice given by my senior, Mr. Chaitanya Mehta (Managing Partner, Dhruve Liladhar & Co.) in the early years of my practice i.e.‘Whatever you read in life never goes wasted.’ This advice has always stayed with me and continues to guide my approach to learning and paving my journey as a lawyer.

    You’ve contributed to legal education through seminars and guest lectures. What drives your commitment to academic engagement, and what is your idea to bridging the gap between classroom theory and real-world legal practice for aspiring lawyers?

    As a first-generation lawyer, my curiosity and drive to learn have always pushed me to attend seminars and lectures that broaden my understanding of different areas of law. Over time, I realized that while these forums provide valuable insights, the information is often presented in a complex and highly technical manner. So, when I got the opportunity to conduct sessions myself, I made it a point to simplify the content, weave in real-life professional and personal experiences, and make it relatable for aspiring lawyers.

    To bridge the gap between classroom theory and real-world practice, I focus on making law relatable and practical. Beyond seminars and guest lectures, I also got opportunities to mentor juniors/budding lawyers. Along with sharing case experiences, I encourage juniors to read and critically evaluate the law, and whenever possible, I give them opportunities to appear and represent clients. 

    This combination of theory, mentorship, and hands-on exposure not only motivates them but also builds their confidence as aspiring lawyers. For me, academic engagement is not just about transferring knowledge—it’s about empowering young lawyers to connect theory with practice and grow into confident professionals.

    Looking back to your early years in the profession, what were some of the initial hurdles you faced as a young lawyer? Now, with a diverse practice in place, what vision do you have for your future and that of your firm?

    The challenges faced as a young legal practitioner vary for each individual. When I began my career as an independent lawyer, I quickly realized that building a practice from scratch extended far beyond courtroom appearances. Key initial hurdles included:

    • Establishing a Professional Network: Building meaningful relationships with fellow colleagues, including senior counsels and peers, was critical to gaining credibility and support in the legal community.
    • Client Accessibility and Trust: Ensuring clients could easily approach me required consistent availability, clear communication, and regular updates on their cases to build trust and confidence.
    • Staying Updated with Legal Developments: Keeping abreast of the ever-evolving legal framework, including new provisions, amendments, and modifications, demanded continuous learning and adaptability.
    • Balancing Multiple Roles: As an independent practitioner, I had to manage not only legal work but also administrative tasks, client consultations, and providing well-reasoned legal opinions.

    When I transitioned from my independent practice to establishing my boutique law firm, the scope of responsibilities expanded significantly. Beyond administrative duties, new challenges emerged such as :

    • Team Management: Leading a team of juniors, associates, and interns involved reviewing their work, discussing their perspectives on cases, assigning clients, and fostering a collaborative environment through team-bonding sessions.
    • Feedback and Growth: Providing constructive feedback to team members while also seeking their input was essential for creating a supportive and dynamic workplace.
    • Self-Evaluation: Continuously assessing my own performance and behavior as a leader and colleague ensured I maintained strong relationships within the team and the broader legal community.

    Hurdles in a legal career never truly disappear; they evolve with time. However, these challenges become more manageable with a supportive team and a strong professional network. My vision for the future of my practice and firm is rooted in growth, collaboration, and excellence by Building a Resilient Team, Expanding Client-Centric Services, Contributing to the Legal Community and Personal and Professional Growth.

    With the unwavering support of my family, colleagues, and team, combined with divine blessings, I was and am still able to navigate challenges and achieve my vision as a lawyer.

    What advice would you offer to students aspiring to enter the legal profession? Are there any resources, reading materials, or experiences you would recommend to help them build a strong foundation?

    Although I personally believe that I am still in the process of maneuvering and exploring the dynamics of legal studies and practice, I firmly believe that one must continuously focus on Learning, Reading, and Adapting.

    Learning goes beyond textbooks—it is about broadening one’s knowledge through practical exposure, observation, and critical engagement with real-world issues. Reading, on the other hand, does not merely mean going through books, judgments, or case studies; it also means reading between the lines, evaluating facts, analysing circumstances, and interpreting the unstated aspects of a situation. Adapting is equally vital—it requires embracing the ever-evolving dynamics of law and thoughtfully adopting them into one’s practice.

    One of the most important lessons I have imbibed and also share with aspiring lawyers is this: always place yourself in the situation first, and then prepare your legal framework. This approach not only safeguards the client’s interest but also enables a lawyer to anticipate potential challenges and assess the possible adverse implications of any act or deed.

    Today, we are surrounded by umpteen sources of knowledge—both in print and digital media. Yet, the strongest foundation for any lawyer lies in the habit of reading bare acts thoroughly. This means not just skimming through provisions, but studying them holistically—from the long title, statement of objects and reasons, and definitions, to the substantive provisions, explanations, and even the repealing and saving clauses. At the initial stage, the significance of this practice may not be apparent. However, as one delves deeper into the subject, it becomes evident that every word in a statute carries its own weight, purpose, and interpretation.

    With the growing judicial backlog in India, ADR mechanisms are increasingly being viewed as effective alternatives. How do you foresee the evolution of ADR in India, especially in light of recent legislative reforms and institutional developments?

    Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), particularly arbitration, has fundamentally changed the

    approach to dispute resolution in India. Increasingly, parties—especially in small and medium-sized businesses—are making it a practice to include arbitration clauses in their contracts, reducing judicial dependency and facilitating resolution through neutral third parties.

    The enactment of the Mediation Act, 2023 has given further impetus to ADR by providing statutory recognition to mediation as a structured process, thereby enabling early resolution of disputes and further reducing the burden on courts but at a preliminary stage. Alongside this, the shift towards institutional Arbitration and Mediation is a development we should accept with open arms. Institutional mechanisms ensure greater consistency, procedural discipline, and credibility, in contrast to ad hoc practices which often lead to delays and inefficiencies.

    That said, the evolution of ADR in India will require time and investment in capacity building— whether in terms of institutions, trained professionals, or awareness among litigants. Encouragingly, the interest of the younger generation of lawyers in ADR is growing rapidly. Coupled with legislative reforms and judicial support, these developments are poised to revolutionize India’s dispute resolution framework, making ADR a central pillar of justice delivery in the years ahead.

    Get in touch with Vrinda Daga –

  • “Whether arguing corporate disputes, pursuing PILs, or handling sensitive criminal trials, every brief is a trust placed in my hands, to be discharged with integrity and dignity.” – Shashank Singh, Founding Partner, CTS Partners LLP.

    “Whether arguing corporate disputes, pursuing PILs, or handling sensitive criminal trials, every brief is a trust placed in my hands, to be discharged with integrity and dignity.” – Shashank Singh, Founding Partner, CTS Partners LLP.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    How did you transition from your early years in litigation to regularly appearing before the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Delhi High Court, and various other forums across the country? What were some key early learning experiences that laid the foundation for your practice?

    My transition from the early years of litigation to regularly appearing before the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the Delhi High Court, and other forums across the country was not sudden but a steady climb. I began in the trial courts of Delhi, handling matters where stakes for clients were immediate and personal. Those formative years taught me that advocacy rests on preparation, precision, and respect for procedure. Drafting pleadings instilled discipline, cross-examination taught patience, and interim applications honed the ability to think on my feet.

    Gradually, I began assisting in matters before the Delhi High Court. The shift required a different skill: structuring arguments with clarity and economy so that cases could survive preliminary objections. As clients entrusted me with appellate work, I appeared before various High Courts and Tribunals, while also briefing senior counsel in complex matters, learning how to condense large records into strategic briefs.

    The opportunity to appear before the Hon’ble Supreme Court followed naturally. It began with assisting in Special Leave Petitions and transfer petitions, and over time, I began appearing independently in interlocutory and final hearings. The guiding principle, instilled in me early on, has remained the same: never step into court without absolute command over your brief.

    Looking back, the lessons that shaped me did not come from one case or one forum but from consistently engaging with diverse matters, from trial disputes to appellate work and public interest litigation. Each stage built upon the last, creating a practice grounded not in chance but in cumulative discipline.

    As the Founding Partner of CTS Partners LLP, how do you balance leading the firm’s litigation and advisory verticals, and what vision do you have for the firm’s growth in an evolving legal market?

    Balancing litigation and advisory is less about dividing time than ensuring both strengthen each other. Litigation shows how contracts hold up when tested, while advisory allows disputes to be anticipated and avoided. At CTS Partners, we built our practice on this philosophy. Our litigation work is rooted in preparation, advocacy, and navigating complex forums, while our advisory practice focuses on precise drafting, foresight, and regulatory clarity, sharpened by lessons from court.

    As Founding Partner, I ensure insights flow between the two. A dispute in arbitration refines our contract reviews, while advisory on transactions always factors potential litigation risks. This constant feedback loop is what makes us effective across both fronts.

    My vision for CTS Partners LLP is to be recognised not only for competence but for partnering with clients through the entire lifecycle of their ventures, from inception and compliance to disputes and enforcement. In a rapidly evolving legal market shaped by technology and sectoral change, we aim to combine the rigour of the traditional bar with innovation in delivery. With a deliberate focus on sectors like Aviation, Biotechnology, Renewable Energy, and Infrastructure, we seek to build a firm that creates enduring value for clients while shaping standards in emerging industries.

    Your grandfather, Hon’ble Mr. Justice K. N. Singh, was a towering figure in the legal fraternity. How did his guidance shape your professional philosophy and influence your career choices?

    Law in my family has never been just a profession, it has been a legacy of values passed across generations. My great-grandfather was a judge, my grandfather, Hon’ble Mr. Justice K. N. Singh, served as the 22nd Chief Justice of India, and several of my uncles and cousins have served on the Bench. Growing up, the lessons came not from books, but from conversations with my grandfather where governance, justice, and human dignity were discussed as naturally as daily affairs.

    The principle he impressed upon me was simple: “You may choose to earn or choose to learn. If you choose to learn today, Lady Law shall ensure you never have to worry about the other.” From him I learned that credibility rests on preparation, judgment, and integrity, not just oratory. Even after holding the highest judicial office, he valued respectful disagreement if it was backed by logic and research. That humility before the law left a lasting mark on me. I still recall my first matter, a bail application under the Official Secrets Act. Nervous as I was, I narrated every detail to him afterwards. His focus was not the outcome, but the strategy, questions of law, and procedural nuances. The lesson was clear: never enter a courtroom unprepared.

    These principles have remained my compass. Whether arguing corporate disputes, pursuing PILs, or handling sensitive criminal trials, every brief is a trust placed in my hands, to be discharged with integrity and dignity. My family’s service to the law is not a pedestal for me to stand on, but a standard to live up to. Legacy, in my view, lies not in offices held, but in the work you do case by case, client by client, cause by cause.

    You have worked extensively in the aviation sector, including regulatory compliance, aircraft leasing, and contractual review involving sovereign obligations and global norms. What are the sector specific challenges you encounter, and how do you balance domestic legal frameworks with international regulatory requirements?

    My work in the aviation sector began with PSUs such as Air India Engineering Services Ltd. (AIESL), where every matter sits at the intersection of domestic law, international treaties, and operational realities. Whether it is a long-term aircraft lease, an MRO agreement, or a procurement contract, the advice must be technically sound, commercially viable, and compliant with sovereign obligations.

    The sector’s foremost challenge is reconciling India’s regulatory framework with global commitments. For instance, an aircraft lease must satisfy the Cape Town Convention while also meeting the Directorate General of Civil Aviation’s requirements. Counsel must draft provisions that withstand scrutiny in Indian courts yet remain recognisable abroad. The PSU context adds another layer, requiring compliance with General Financial Rules and vigilance norms, often at odds with international market standards. Bridging this gap without diluting compliance or commercial feasibility is where legal strategy becomes critical.

    Aviation also evolves faster than legislation. Engine configurations, safety protocols, and maintenance cycles change constantly, making flexibility in drafting essential. This requires working closely with engineers, procurement teams, and regulators so that legal language keeps pace with operational realities.

    Balancing domestic and international frameworks comes down to identifying the non-negotiables: statutory mandates, governmental approvals, and compliance procedures on one hand; treaty obligations, OEM standards, and global safety norms on the other. Once these are secured, agreements and dispute strategies can be structured to preserve both sides. In aviation, the cost of error is never just financial – it touches reputation and safety. That is why I approach every matter with the objective of delivering solutions that are watertight in compliance, workable in execution, and defensible before both domestic regulators and international counterparties.

    You have worked on plant genetics and environmental sustainability. How do you see biotechnology law evolving in India, especially in light of climate change and sustainability concerns?

    My engagement with biotechnology law has been rooted in real-world solutions. A case in point is my intervention before the Hon’ble Delhi High Court on the city’s air pollution crisis, where I proposed structured plantation of tissue-cultured Bamboo developed through plant genetics. This variety grows at nearly 1.5 feet per day, reaching 40 feet within two years, is non-invasive, requires minimal maintenance, and has one of the highest carbon absorption capacities among terrestrial plants. Its significance goes beyond ecology—it is also a raw material for CNG, ethanol, and electricity generation, aligning environmental goals with renewable energy targets, employment generation, and revenue creation for the State.

    This experience reflects the direction in which biotechnology law in India must evolve. Our current framework, spanning plant variety protection, patents, biosafety rules, and biodiversity obligations, largely operates in silos, whereas real biotechnology projects cut across them. As climate change accelerates, the law will need to shift from merely managing risk to actively enabling innovation with measurable environmental and social value.

    Three changes are critical. First, integrating climate and sustainability targets into sectoral approvals so projects with clear ecological benefits face streamlined pathways. Second, creating predictable and time-bound regulatory clearance systems that allow innovators to move from laboratory to field efficiently. Third, balancing commercial exploitation with safeguards for biodiversity, soil health, and community rights. My experience shows that when legal strategy is integrated at the inception of a scientific plan, both compliance and commercial viability are far more likely. The future of biotechnology law in India lies in anticipating regulatory concerns early while enabling science to deliver climate resilience, food security, and economic opportunity.

    In the media and entertainment industry, you have handled intellectual property rights, contractual enforcement, and content regulation. How do you approach safeguarding creative rights in an age where digital content is expanding at an unprecedented pace?

    Safeguarding creative rights today requires more than reactive enforcement. With content created and distributed at unprecedented speed, the law must be embedded from the inception of a project. Contracts need to be precise and anticipatory, covering ownership, attribution, territories, and protection across emerging platforms, including streaming, interactive media, and AI-assisted formats.

    Infringement now extends beyond copying to unauthorised adaptations, derivative works, and misappropriation of concepts. My role is to anticipate these risks and ensure that protective clauses and enforcement mechanisms are in place upfront. Globally, frameworks like the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act provide structured procedures for takedowns and intermediary liability. India, however, still relies on broader provisions under the Information Technology Act, which were not designed for AI-driven content or mass online distribution. This absence of a dedicated framework, especially for AI training on copyrighted material, creates significant gaps for creators.

    In this environment, I adopt a proactive approach: contracts that are both jurisdiction-specific and internationally aware, active monitoring of infringement, and swift enforcement across forums. Protecting creative investment requires foresight and adaptability. My objective is to ensure creators can innovate and share their work with confidence, knowing their rights remain secure even as technology evolves.

    What has been one of the most challenging cases in your career, and how did you navigate the legal and personal complexities involved?

    In the course of practice, we encounter matters that test our interpretation of law, our procedural skill, or our ability to strategize under pressure. Then there are cases that demand far more, cases that place you directly before the rawest realities of human cruelty and compel you to carry forth with both the composure of an advocate and the compassion of a human being.

    One of the most difficult matters I have ever handled involved grave offences under Sections 376 and 377 of the Indian Penal Code, along with offences under the POCSO Act. The accused included the father of the victims, a young girl and her brother along with his associates. Representing the children in such circumstances is not merely about applying the statute. It requires a trauma informed approach, where every interaction is measured, where every question is weighed against the risk of inflicting further pain, and where the dignity of the victims is the paramount consideration. The courtroom in such matters is not just a place of law, it becomes a place where emotional safeguards are as vital as legal safeguards.

    What made this case uniquely difficult for me was how close it felt to home. My own nieces and nephews are of the same age as the victims. In the conference, as I listened to these children speak about their lives, their words were those of any child – school, friends, small joys, yet behind them lay a history no child should have to bear. In their eyes I could see my own kin, and that realisation was unsettling. It is one thing to know the facts as counsel, and quite another to feel them through the lens of your own family. The challenge was to channel that proximity into determination rather than distraction. The law required me to be measured, precise, and unwavering in court, while the human reality urged me to protect them as if they were my own. Every procedural choice, every submission, had to preserve the strength of the case while ensuring the children did not have to relive the trauma unnecessarily.

    In the end, what stays with me is not just the legal conclusion but the resilience of those two young lives. Despite their ordeal, they bore themselves with a quiet strength that left an impression far deeper than any verdict could. For me, this case was a stark reminder that advocacy is not only about securing justice on paper, but also about ensuring that those we represent are met with dignity, protection, and faith in the process.

    From environmental issues to governance reforms, your PIL work has addressed causes of broad public significance. In your view, what role will PILs play in shaping India’s legal landscape over the next 20 years?

    Public Interest Litigation has been one of India’s most transformative judicial innovations, allowing citizens to seek structural remedies for systemic wrongs. Its strength lies in a legacy built on landmark interventions: from Kesavananda Bharati’s Basic Structure doctrine which expanded judicial responsibility, to M.C. Mehta’s environmental cases that introduced CNG in Delhi’s transport fleet, to Vishaka which created an entirely new framework against workplace harassment. These cases show how PILs can reshape governance where legislation lags.

    When I intervened in Delhi’s air pollution crisis, I sought not rhetoric but a science-based solution: structured plantation of high-yield tissue-cultured Bamboo with extraordinary carbon absorption capacity and multiple commercial uses in clean fuels. The aim was to confront ecological, economic, and employment concerns in a single implementable measure.

    Looking ahead, the frontier of PILs will broaden to issues like climate change, cross-border crimes, digital privacy, and algorithmic governance. With India yet to enact a comprehensive AI law, it is conceivable that the first major questions of AI ethics and accountability will reach the courts through PILs. The challenge will be to preserve credibility by ensuring PILs remain grounded in research, evidence, and workable outcomes rather than quick, media-driven filings.

    If pursued with rigour and foresight, PILs will remain one of the most powerful levers of systemic reform, holding the State accountable, shaping public policy, and safeguarding constitutional values for the next generation.

    You have been active in mentorship and legal aid. What advice would you give young lawyers who aspire to appear in higher courts and work across diverse legal domains?

    The first thing I realised in practice is that there is no shortcut in law. This profession is not a place for instant gratification. The cases that test you, the seniors who challenge you, and the long hours of research for a matter that may be over in two minutes in court, all form part of the process that shapes a lawyer’s instinct.

    For those aspiring to appear before the Hon’ble Supreme Court, the High Courts, or even specialised tribunals, it is essential to understand that higher court practice is not built on clever argumentation alone. It rests on a solid command over facts, procedure, and precedent, as well as the ability to anticipate the bench’s concerns and respond with clarity. This requires discipline in preparation, not just reading the brief but living with it until every argument becomes second nature. Equally important is the ability to listen. Sometimes, knowing when not to speak is as strategic as knowing what to say.

    In my own journey, one of the most formative experiences was working with Hon’ble Mr. Justice R. S. Endlaw, Retired Judge of the Delhi High Court. He not only taught me how to carry myself in court but also encouraged me to observe the craft of Senior Advocates who argued complex matters before him. He would remind us that the art of advocacy lies as much in how an argument is presented as in the law that supports it. From him, I also learnt the discipline of research, not simply gathering material, but knowing what to look for, how to sift through competing strands of law, and how to present it with clarity. Perhaps most importantly, working under him gave me perspective on how a Judge, not one from my own family background but from outside, views a matter. To this day, I try to place myself in that position, to imagine how a Judge thinks, reacts, and weighs an argument. That training continues to guide me.

    In terms of practice, I feel that the wide range of matters I have handled—from aviation and energy to medical science and biotechnology, has been a real advantage. Some of these areas are highly technical, but that is precisely what the profession demands: the ability to absorb, adapt, and make sense of disciplines far outside one’s own training. The law, by its very design, pushes you to step beyond comfort zones and to develop the capacity to present almost anything with clarity and conviction. In India, this adaptability is becoming even more important. With a rapidly expanding Bar, seniors with decades of experience, and the recent entry of foreign law firms, competition is only going to get more intense. Against that backdrop, being multifaceted is not simply a matter of choice but of survival and effectiveness, since clients increasingly expect lawyers who can handle diverse and often overlapping fields. This is not to suggest that there is anything wrong with focusing on a single specialised field. But in our system, cultivating breadth in the early years gives a young lawyer resilience, perspective, and the confidence to meet very different kinds of challenges.

    Lastly, I believe it is important to never lose sight of the fact that law is a profession of service. Mentorship, legal aid, and pro bono work are not optional extras. They are reminders of why many of us entered the field in the first place. Whether representing a corporation in a regulatory matter or a victim in a criminal trial, the lawyer’s role is not just to safeguard rights but to protect dignity and trust. If one carries that ethic forward, higher courts will not only be places to appear in, but arenas where a lawyer can contribute meaningfully to the living fabric of the law.

    Get in touch with Shashank Singh –

  • “I began without grand design, yet my early immersion in constitutional law revealed something compelling: a practice that could simultaneously satisfy intellectual rigor and serve consequential social purpose.” – Siddharth Sijoria, Advocate at Supreme Court of India.

    “I began without grand design, yet my early immersion in constitutional law revealed something compelling: a practice that could simultaneously satisfy intellectual rigor and serve consequential social purpose.” – Siddharth Sijoria, Advocate at Supreme Court of India.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Looking back, what motivated you to pursue law as a career? Did you have a particular vision for yourself when you first started, and were there any formative incidents or mentors who significantly shaped your path?

    Law discovered me rather than the reverse. During my formative years, I found myself deeply absorbed in poetry and literature—disciplines that demand precision in interpretation, sensitivity to nuance, and the ability to wield language as both artistic expression and analytical instrument. Law emerged as the natural culmination of these inclinations, a field where critical reasoning and linguistic precision determine outcomes of profound consequence.

    As a first-generation lawyer, I navigated without inherited wisdom. My education came through careful observation and, ultimately, through the extraordinary fortune of mentorship. During law school, I joined the chambers of the late T.R. Andhyarujina as an intern, spending afternoons and evenings there while attending classes. After graduation, I transitioned to full-time practice under his guidance. His influence proved transformational.

    Mr. Andhyarujina embodied a particular philosophy: that sustainable excellence emerges not from momentary brilliance but from disciplined preparation. His observation—”What a brilliant mind accomplishes in twenty minutes, a methodical mind achieves in thirty, provided it commits to the work”—became foundational to my approach.

    I began without grand design, yet my early immersion in constitutional law revealed something compelling: a practice that could simultaneously satisfy intellectual rigor and serve consequential social purpose. That understanding continues to inform my work today.

    Your LL.M. at Central European University offered a deeply comparative and international perspective on constitutional law. How did this global exposure influence your understanding of Indian jurisprudence?

    My constitutional law foundation was established during my Supreme Court years, working on landmark cases that revealed the sophistication of Indian jurisprudence—particularly our Basic Structure Doctrine, which represents one of India’s most profound contributions to global constitutional thought. When I decided to pursue advanced study, I received offers from several prestigious institutions but chose Central European University, which offered me a scholarship and possessed an unparalleled focus on comparative constitutional analysis.

    The academic experience was transformative. My thesis examined how the Basic Structure Doctrine operates across India, Colombia, and Benin—three democracies grappling with similar challenges of constitutional preservation against majoritarian excess. What emerged was striking: Indian constitutional jurisprudence commands extraordinary international respect. Our Supreme Court’s reasoning isn’t merely cited abroad—it actively shapes constitutional interpretation in courts from Bogotá to Johannesburg.

    This revelation fundamentally altered my understanding of constitutional practice. Indian constitutional law isn’t an isolated national phenomenon but part of a global conversation about democracy, rights, and institutional design. The comparative methodology I learned—analyzing how similar constitutional challenges are resolved across different legal traditions—has become central to how I approach constitutional interpretation. It revealed that while constitutional texts may be national, constitutional principles increasingly transcend borders.

    Working under T.R. Andhyarujina exposed you to landmark constitutional cases. How did that experience shape your litigation philosophy, particularly in handling complex constitutional matters?

    Mr. Andhyarujina approached constitutional interpretation with scientific rigor. He demonstrated that constitutional adjudication represents not rhetorical exercise but systematic methodology—testing state action against established principles while defining the proper relationship between governmental authority and individual liberty.

    The cases themselves were instructive. Yakub Memon v. State of Maharashtra engaged fundamental questions of due process in death penalty jurisprudence, particularly the safeguards surrounding curative and mercy petitions at the final stage. Subramanian Swamy v. Union of India tested the constitutional validity of criminal defamation, requiring the Court to balance free expression with the reputational rights protected under Article 21, and ultimately upholding criminal defamation as a reasonable restriction. State of Karnataka v. Selvi J. Jayalalitha reaffirmed that even a sitting Chief Minister enjoys no immunity from prosecution, emphasizing constitutional accountability. RBI v. Jayantilal N. Mistryadvanced transparency under the RTI Act, holding that the RBI, as a public regulator, cannot shield information behind claims of fiduciary duty. Union of India v. V. Sriharan clarified the distribution of remission powers, underscoring Union primacy in matters implicating terrorism or CBI investigation. Nabam Rebia v. Deputy Speaker addressed the Governor’s discretionary powers in state politics, reaffirming that—save in narrow constitutional exceptions—Governors cannot act independently of ministerial advice, thereby strengthening federalism and the principle of separation of powers.

    Each matter reinforced constitutional law’s practical consequences. Whether protecting individual liberty, defending democratic discourse, ensuring governmental accountability, or preserving federal balance, our arguments carried implications extending far beyond immediate parties. That methodology—meticulous preparation, analytical precision, unwavering constitutional fidelity—continues to guide my approach to complex constitutional matters today.

    After completing your master’s degree, you returned to India and chose to start practice independently. What motivated you to take that path, and what were the major challenges you faced in building your practice?

    I had always aspired to establish my own independent practice. In my view, every lawyer, sooner or later, has to  build their own chamber to truly establish themselves in the profession. Having already gained valuable experience at the Supreme Court and various High Courts, I felt it was the right time to take on greater responsibility. When you practice independently, you are directly accountable to your client—successes and failures alike rest on your shoulders. Unlike in a traditional chamber, where you are guided step by step in filing, drafting, or tracking matters, going independent compels you to learn these processes innately while carrying the full weight of client expectations.

    I went on to establish offices at the Madhya Pradesh High Court, primarily at the Gwalior and Indore Benches, while continuing my work in Delhi. Over the years, I have also been entrusted with significant responsibilities. I was appointed as Additional Advocate for the State of Maharashtra in the Krishna River water dispute following the formation of Telangana. I have been empanelled as Counsel for the State of Madhya Pradesh, and I also regularly represent institutions and industry bodies, including the Indian Association of Hallmarking Centres and other organisations connected with hallmarking regulation. Each of these experiences has enriched my practice and strengthened my resolve to continue balancing litigation with advisory work across diverse forums.

    After building a successful independent practice, what led you to join Clavius Legal? How do you envision the firm’s role in India’s evolving legal landscape?

    After years building independent practice—including state government representations and my appointment as Additional Advocate for Maharashtra in the Krishna River dispute—I reached a threshold where the matters I was handling demanded institutional sophistication commensurate with their complexity and global dimensions.

    Clavius Legal represented something distinctive in the Indian legal market: a boutique firm with genuinely international standards and integrated practice architecture. Aside from a very busy arbitration and white-collar crime practice that is marked by both scale and the magnitude of mandates we handle, we are building a public law, regulatory, and policy practice that increasingly intersects with our dispute resolution work. As India becomes increasingly central to the global economy, legal challenges no longer respect traditional practice boundaries. Modern disputes involving sovereign asset recovery actions, multinational enforcement investigations, or cross-border regulatory matters require teams capable of seamlessly integrating constitutional law, dispute resolution, regulatory expertise, and international legal cooperation.

    The firm’s vision aligns perfectly with contemporary realities. Today’s complex transnational matters—whether involving sovereign states, multinational corporations, or international arbitration—demand scale and sophistication that isolated practitioners simply cannot provide. Working as part of global teams on complex transnational cases has become the norm rather than exception. Our integrated model reflects this understanding: constitutional principles inform commercial disputes; regulatory compliance intersects with international law; dispute resolution increasingly involves multiple jurisdictions and enforcement mechanisms.

    As Practice Co-Chair for both Dispute Resolution and Public Law, Regulatory & Policy, my role involves ensuring that these different practice areas work seamlessly together. When we’re handling a cross-border investigation, for instance, it might simultaneously involve regulatory compliance issues, dispute resolution, and constitutional questions about procedural fairness.

    Alongside litigation, you have maintained an active presence in writing, teaching, and research. How do these engagements complement your courtroom practice?

    In my early years, I often read columns by eminent lawyers who could distill complex legal issues into short, sharp pieces. When I first attempted to write during my college days, I realized how difficult it actually was. Over time, and after several failed attempts, I began publishing articles in newspapers. That discipline of concise writing has greatly helped me in practice, especially in drafting synopses for the High Court and Supreme Court, where the ability to present arguments briefly and persuasively is crucial.

    I have always believed that writing, research, and teaching are integral to legal practice. They keep one updated on developments in the law while also strengthening analytical clarity. Even today, I remain engaged in such work—most recently with the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Centre, where we are working on a series of publications to mark 75 years of the Indian Constitution. Academic engagement and international conferences also provide opportunities to exchange ideas and learn from colleagues worldwide, which in turn enriches my courtroom advocacy.

    Teaching forces intellectual discipline—you cannot explain constitutional principles clearly unless you have mastered them yourself. Writing requires precision of expression. Both skills prove indispensable in advocacy, where clarity is paramount and time is often scarce.

    How does your international engagement, particularly through the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, enhance your practice?

    My role as Co-Chair of the Young Commonwealth Lawyers Organisation provided invaluable exposure to legal challenges across fifty-four jurisdictions while building networks essential for contemporary practice. The position involved creating platforms for professional dialogue, organizing training programs, and facilitating knowledge exchange.

    The collaboration opportunities proved particularly meaningful. Meeting the President of the Gambian Bar at our Goa conference led to involvement in constitutional amendment projects and subsequently to representing the Bar against Maiden Pharmaceuticals after contaminated cough syrup exports tragically caused over seventy children’s deaths in Gambia. These experiences underscore how international engagement enriches domestic practice while building capabilities essential for cross-border matters.

    This global perspective has become indispensable in modern practice. Matters routinely involve multiple legal systems—whether handling sovereign asset recovery actions, managing international arbitrations, or coordinating transnational enforcement proceedings. Working as part of global legal teams requires a deep understanding of how constitutional principles, due process requirements, and legal procedures translate across jurisdictions.

    Your practice spans constitutional law, criminal law, arbitration, and regulatory disputes. How does your constitutional grounding influence your approach across these varied areas?

    For me, the Constitution is not confined to writ petitions—it is the foundation that underpins every area of law. Whether I am arguing a criminal matter, an arbitration, or a regulatory dispute, I see the Constitution as the lens through which questions of fairness, due process, and accountability are assessed.

    In criminal cases, constitutional protections—like liberty, dignity, and safeguards against abuse of process—guide how I build defenses. Due process requirements are particularly crucial when representing individuals in white-collar investigations or enforcement proceedings, where constitutional safeguards must be rigorously protected against arbitrary state action. In arbitration and regulatory disputes, constitutional values inform arguments about equality, reasonableness, or the limits of executive power when regulatory aspects are involved.

    Even highly technical cases, such as hallmarking compliance or river water disputes, ultimately return to constitutional principles: how authority is exercised, whether discretion is checked, and whether justice is delivered consistently with rule of law.

    This constitutional grounding provides a unifying framework across diverse practice areas. Modern legal challenges increasingly span multiple disciplines—a regulatory investigation might involve constitutional law, enforcement proceedings, and policy advocacy simultaneously.

    What has been among your most challenging cases, and what lessons did they offer about modern legal practice?

    Every case brings its own challenges, but two stand out for me personally. The December 2021 nationwide protests by hallmarking centers presented extraordinary challenges. When the Bureau of Indian Standards suddenly imposed stringent compliance requirements—demanding costly upgrades while vesting broad discretionary authority in regulators—the entire industry faced potential shutdown. Courts typically hesitate to intervene in technical regulatory matters, yet representing an entire industry carries immense responsibility. Securing comprehensive protection from the Delhi High Court provided crucial relief during a critical period.

    Another case involved defending an individual falsely implicated in criminal proceedings. Drawing on Paramveer Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh—which mandates preserving police station CCTV footage to prevent custodial abuse—I convinced the Madhya Pradesh High Court to direct production of crucial evidence. The case illustrated how constitutional protections, when effectively invoked, can provide genuine relief against injustice while reinforcing due process fundamentals.

    Both matters demonstrated essential lessons about contemporary practice. Effective advocacy increasingly requires understanding technical regulatory frameworks alongside constitutional protections. Moreover, the scale and complexity of modern legal challenges make collaboration across practice areas not merely beneficial but necessary.

    What advice would you offer young lawyers aspiring to excellence in litigation and public law?

    Legal advice cannot be universal—every practitioner navigates unique circumstances and opportunities. However, certain principles prove consistently valuable. Young lawyers must cultivate genuine confidence grounded in rigorous preparation. Establish clear professional vision and develop systematic approaches for achieving defined objectives.

    Preparation remains paramount in litigation. Master both factual details and legal doctrine comprehensively. I learned through experience never to study only provisions directly relevant to immediate arguments—judges frequently pose questions whose answers lie in statutory sections you might otherwise overlook. Complete command of governing law and factual circumstances enables confident responses to both complex inquiries and seemingly simple questions.

    Cultivate disciplined reading habits, careful observation skills, and systematic preparation methodologies. Seek meaningful mentorship—finding seniors willing to teach makes a profound difference, though such opportunities often involve timing and persistence.

    Most importantly for contemporary practice, embrace collaborative approaches. Modern legal work transcends traditional boundaries. Constitutional challenges require understanding of regulatory frameworks; white-collar defense involves international enforcement cooperation; policy advocacy often connects to enforcement proceedings. Working as part of global teams on complex transnational cases demands ability to collaborate seamlessly across practice areas while maintaining doctrinal precision and constitutional grounding.

    Above all, remain perpetually curious about legal developments and committed to continuous learning.

    How do you maintain perspective and balance in such a demanding profession?

    Constitutional law provides inherent perspective. Regular engagement with fundamental questions of governance, liberty, and justice situates individual cases—regardless of complexity—within larger frameworks of professional purpose and social consequence.

    I sustain balance through continued teaching, writing, and mentoring activities. These pursuits remind me that legal practice ultimately serves purposes transcending individual professional achievement—service to clients, to institutional integrity, and to constitutional democracy itself.

    The collaborative nature of modern practice also helps. Complex matters require coordination across multiple disciplines, transforming pressure into shared intellectual engagement. Whether ensuring due process protections in enforcement proceedings or defending constitutional principles in regulatory matters, this collegial approach makes demanding challenges stimulating rather than merely stressful.

    Ultimately, remembering that constitutional law concerns human dignity and democratic governance provides both grounding and meaning beyond professional success. That larger purpose sustains one through the most demanding cases while reinforcing why this work matters.

    Get in touch with Siddharth Sijoria –

  • “The challenges of litigation, coupled with the responsibility of advocating for clients across diverse forums, continue to strengthen my passion for this profession.” – Ms. Vikas Jain, Advocate at Delhi High Court.

    “The challenges of litigation, coupled with the responsibility of advocating for clients across diverse forums, continue to strengthen my passion for this profession.” – Ms. Vikas Jain, Advocate at Delhi High Court.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    With nearly two decades of experience practicing across multiple courts and legal forums, what first inspired you to pursue a career in law, and how has your motivation evolved over the years?

    From an early stage, I was fascinated by how the law functions as both a shield and a tool for justice. Watching how legal interventions could alter the course of people’s lives inspired me to pursue this profession. Initially, my motivation stemmed from a desire to understand the technicalities of the law and its practical application. Over the years, however, the focus has shifted towards ensuring accessibility to justice and using legal knowledge to create meaningful impact. The challenges of litigation, coupled with the responsibility of advocating for clients across diverse forums, continue to strengthen my passion for this profession. Today, my motivation is rooted not only in professional growth but also in the satisfaction of standing by those who rely on law as their last resort.

    You have handled an exceptionally diverse range of matters, from property disputes and intellectual property rights to criminal law and matrimonial cases. How do you adapt your legal strategies to address the unique demands of such varied practice areas?

    Each practice area carries its own nuances, requiring flexibility and a tailored approach. For property disputes, the emphasis is often on documentary evidence and statutory interpretation. In intellectual property matters, strategy lies in understanding technical details and balancing innovation with enforcement. Criminal law demands precision in procedural safeguards, while matrimonial cases require a balance of empathy and firmness. I adapt by conducting extensive research, analyzing precedents, and understanding the unique facts of each matter rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all approach. Equally important is the ability to listen, both to clients and to the evolving expectations of courts, which ensures that strategies remain responsive and effective across different fields.

    Property law and land disputes in India often involve intricate regulatory frameworks and procedural challenges. What approach do you prefer while navigating these matters effectively?

    Property disputes in India demand patience, detail-oriented analysis, and a deep grasp of statutory provisions. My approach begins with meticulous scrutiny of title documents, revenue records, and mutation entries. Given the overlapping jurisdictions of civil courts, revenue authorities, and tribunals, I place emphasis on identifying the proper forum and ensuring procedural compliance at every step. I also rely heavily on precedents, since land-related judgments often clarify ambiguities. At the same time, I encourage alternative solutions such as mediation to avoid protracted litigation, especially in family or co-ownership matters. Ultimately, a combination of technical accuracy, strategic drafting, and practical problem-solving enables effective navigation of these complex disputes.

     In the early stages of your career, what pivotal experiences helped deepen your understanding of the law, and how did they shape your professional approach?

    The early years of my career were spent in extensive court exposure—observing proceedings, drafting pleadings, and assisting senior counsels. One pivotal experience was handling procedural objections in trial courts, which taught me the importance of detail and timing. Another formative experience was preparing special leave petitions for the Supreme Court, which deepened my appreciation for precision in framing legal questions. These experiences instilled in me the discipline of thorough preparation and respect for judicial time. They also helped me understand that every matter, irrespective of its size, deserves equal attention, since even minor details can alter the outcome. These lessons continue to guide my professional approach.

    Having appeared before the Supreme Court, High Courts, subordinate courts, tribunals, and other forums, how does your preparation and strategy differ when handling matters at various levels of the judicial system? Additionally, what has been one of the most challenging cases for you and how did you navigate it?

    Preparation varies significantly with the forum. In trial courts, strategy revolves around evidence, cross-examination, and building the factual record. High Court matters often focus on questions of law and precedents, while Supreme Court practice demands brevity, clarity, and framing of constitutional or substantial legal issues. One of the most challenging cases I handled involved a service matter concerning a disabled ex-serviceman’s appointment, which was delayed due to procedural hurdles. It required not only persistence before multiple forums but also empathy towards the litigant’s hardship. The case reinforced the importance of resilience, drafting precision, and relentless follow-up to achieve justice.

    When managing sensitive cases such as matrimonial disputes or criminal matters, how do you balance legal precision with empathy, and what preparation goes into handling emotionally charged situations?

    In sensitive cases, the lawyer’s role extends beyond legal arguments to offering emotional stability to clients. I approach these matters with active listening, ensuring that clients feel heard and supported while keeping the focus on the legal remedies available. Preparation involves anticipating emotional outbursts, safeguarding the dignity of parties, and ensuring that sensitive facts are presented with discretion. Empathy helps in building trust, while legal precision ensures that arguments remain credible before the court. This balance is essential because, in emotionally charged cases, the outcome is not only measured in legal terms but also in the client’s ability to move forward with dignity.

    Over the past 19 years, what significant changes have you observed in the legal profession, particularly with the advent of technology, and how have you adapted your practice to remain effective?

    The legal profession has undergone a remarkable transformation with the adoption of technology. E-filing, virtual hearings, digital research databases, and AI-driven tools have revolutionized how lawyers work. Earlier, access to judgments and precedents was time-consuming, but today, technology has made research more efficient and comprehensive. I have embraced these changes by adopting digital platforms, managing case files electronically, and using technology to enhance client communication. While traditional courtroom skills remain indispensable, technology has improved accessibility and speed. The key is to blend the discipline of classical legal practice with modern digital efficiency to remain relevant and Effective.

    What advice would you offer to young lawyers aspiring to build a versatile and enduring career in litigation and dispute resolution? Which skills, habits, or resources should they start cultivating from the earliest stages of their journey?

    To young lawyers, I would emphasise patience and persistence as the cornerstones of a litigation career. In the early stages, focus should be on building drafting skills, observing court proceedings, and learning procedural law in depth. Cultivate the habit of consistent legal research, as strong fundamentals in precedents and statutes build long-term confidence. Networking with peers, maintaining professional ethics, and respecting the bench are equally crucial. I also advise developing communication skills—both oral and written—as they are vital in every forum. Most importantly, never lose sight of empathy, because law is ultimately about people, and balancing technical knowledge with human understanding creates a truly enduring career.

    Get un touch with Ms. Vikas Jain –

  • “Practice in Environment law is not set like other fields, it’s evolving. Majority of the litigation is not statute based, but its based on the delegated legislation.” – Aniruddha Kulkarni, Standing Counsel for Environment and Climate Change Department, Government of Maharashtra.

    “Practice in Environment law is not set like other fields, it’s evolving. Majority of the litigation is not statute based, but its based on the delegated legislation.” – Aniruddha Kulkarni, Standing Counsel for Environment and Climate Change Department, Government of Maharashtra.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Coming from a commerce background, what inspired you to transition into the field of law? Were there any pivotal experiences that motivated this shift and shaped your early legal interests?

    I have been interested in nature and ecology since childhood. My grandfather served in the Indian Forest Service and retired as the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Head of Forest Force, Maharashtra State. His teachings have played a major role in my upbringing since my childhood. As a child I was used to identifying different types of flora and fauna in our home garden. I experienced wild animals in the wild through various wildlife safaris. I developed a habit of noting down their physical characteristics. 

    My daily jogging route passes through an amazing nature trail, Vetal Tekdi (hill in Marathi) , an urban forest in the city of Pune. As a college youth I started doing amateur photography wherein nature has been my major subject like clouds, sky, sunrise and sunset, trees, animals, birds, waterbodies, landscapes etc.

    In my last year of law, I applied to the Internship and Placement Cell of the college, wherein I gave Arbitration, Environment and IPR as areas of interest. NGT had started their Western Zonal Bench in Pune the same year and hence the Cell forwarded my application to the NGT. Luckily I was selected in the recruitment procedure which took place before a 5 Member interview panel at the NGT Principal Bench and being based in Pune, I was appointed as the first Judicial Intern at the NGT Pune Bench.

    I never aimed to practice environmental laws. Destiny brought me to the NGT.

    You hold degrees in Commerce and Law, along with an LL.M. in Constitutional and Administrative Laws. How has this multidisciplinary academic foundation influenced your approach to legal practice, particularly in the area of environmental law?

    I pursued LLM in Constitutional and Administrative Laws after 4 years of practice at Bar. I believe that a candidate requires psychological maturity to understand what one expects from a masters degree. I always wanted to pursue LLM in Constitutional and Administrative Laws with dedication. I never aimed to stand first in the University, however my dedication along with 100% attendance and consistency gave me a surprise. 

    Although NGT is a Tribunal, it is the only Tribunal in India which adjudicates issues affecting the public at large. It is also the only Tribunal where there is no hierarchy (unlike District Consumer Forum, State Consumer Commission and National Consumer Commission), no appellate Tribunal in between (like DRAT, NCLAT, ITAT, etc.) and appeal from NGT lies directly to the Supreme Court of India. So there are high stakes matters, wherein there is interpretation on the statutes and reliance on the case laws propounded by the Superior Judiciary.

    Moreover, being a Government Counsel, knowledge of Constitutional and Administrative Law is helpful in understanding how the decision making process takes place at various levels in the Government and the Legislature.

    As the Standing Counsel for the Environment and Climate Change Department, Government of Maharashtra, you represent several key departments and agencies. What major challenges do you encounter while advocating for government bodies in environmental and civil matters?

    The decision making process on the Government side is a detailed process which involves many people at many levels. It is not a one person decision process. Courts and litigants expect that the Govt should take decisions at the earliest however they probably are not aware of the steps through which the issues traverse and the reasons for delay in taking the decisions. Convincing this aspect to the courts and litigants is one of the challenges. 

    At times it is also observed that given the expanse of the bureaucracy and number of authorities, departments and  ministries who work in tandem, at times they might be having a different views of the same issue. Getting them together on a consensus and then taking a decision in the larger interest by predicting future consequences, is also a task. It takes time, however because the court expects compliance of their order, a decision is taken by the Govt. 

    Having worked closely with regulatory authorities like the Central Pollution Control Board, Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, and the Airports Authority of India, how do you stay ahead of evolving regulatory frameworks? How do you manage and prioritize high-stakes responsibilities across such diverse institutions?

    Practice in Environment law is not set like other fields, it’s evolving. Majority of the litigation is not statute based, but its based on the delegated legislation. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Govt. Of India and the CPCB keep issuing amendments to the various notifications and rules through circulars, guidelines and office memorandums. These changes are brought as there are advancements in the science and even changing nature of business and industrial developments. Being a Govt counsel, I have to remain updated about the latest developments. Practising in environmental laws for more than a decade, I can see the law evolving. Being the Standing Counsel and representing the CPCB and MPCB in many cases, whenever there is a case being heard, even if I am not appearing in that case, the Hon’ble Tribunal enquires with me about the latest development about a policy or legal development at the Government level. 

    As and when there is a new development, either the Govt provides me with the same or I do my own research and I document all such changes. I prepare a directory of all such developments in the form of notifications, government resolutions, office memorandums, circulars, guidelines etc. 

    Being a Govt. Counsel I have to give equal priority to all the cases wherein the Govt. is a party. However, at times projects of public importance undertaken by the Govt. are challenged, that time the Govt. as well as me have to take care that no adverse orders are passed because it affects Govt. investment and if any such adverse order is passed, then the public is deprived of the benefits which accrue once the project is put to public use. 

    Your academic research and publications reveal a strong engagement with environmental jurisprudence. In what ways has your scholarly work influenced your litigation strategies and courtroom advocacy and how do you manage both pursuits?

    Research always helps, not just in publication but even in practice. Being Govt counsel I have access to a lot of official material which is otherwise not easily available and accessible. Whenever I work on academic research, such material is helpful for giving practical points. Similarly, if there is a case at hand, wherein I have done publication or if there is an ongoing research work, I can give the latest position of law or policy while advancing my arguments. Academic research and practice always compliment each other. It is not just the resources or knowledge, but even it improves the skills.

    Although finding time for doing academic research along with practice at Bar is difficult because first priority is always work. Research also takes time.

    As a Committee Member of the National Green Tribunal Bar Association (Western Zone), what are the key trends or emerging challenges you observe in the realm of environmental litigation in India?

    A lot of public as well as private infrastructural development is going on in the country. There are emissions of all kinds which are polluting the air and effluents which are polluting the water. Although there are laws for controlling all forms of pollution, enforcement is still a big issue. Issues of urban air pollution are getting chronic. Short term measures are not enough for even giving temporary respite and  Pollution Control Boards and other necessary Authorities, Boards, Ministries are understaffed. Vacancy in regulatory bodies affecting control and abatement of  pollution and penalising the polluter is an urgent need which needs to be addressed by the policy makers. At times the Govt. officers are overwhelmed due to work load and compliance of judicial orders, which can be addressed by creating sufficient posts and filling them with qualified people. 

    Climate Change is affecting everyone and nobody is in isolation and unaffected due to it. As the impacts of climate change intensify, we expect to see a continued rise in climate litigation as communities and environmental advocates demand accountability and justice from the regulators. 

    Environmental Laws is a dynamic law which is ever evolving. The changes are happening due to the policies implemented by the Govt. which gets challenged in the Courts, the courts either struck them down or direct the Govt. to modify. At times the uncertainty is caused due to judicial decisions that affect the industry. I haven’t come across any other prominent fields of law wherein the changes are taking so fast. Keeping ourselves updated with this ever changing field of law is a challenge to everyone, not just the lawyers but even the Govt. and the Judiciary. 

    As an adjunct faculty member teaching Environmental Law and related subjects at leading law schools, how do you incorporate your practical experience into the classroom? What guidance would you offer to students aspiring to build a career in environmental and civil law?

    In Pune city there are around 40 law colleges. The NGT Pune Bar is a small Bar and therefore I know that I am the only lawyer practising in environmental laws who is teaching the subject in two law colleges in the city. I educate my students by giving them practical inputs from the cases which I appear in at the NGT. As said earlier, NGT is probably the only Tribunal in India which deals with matters affecting the public at large. So people as well as students know these issues as they keep getting reported in newspapers and media. Further, I organise visits of students to the NGT wherein they get to see the pending cases which I discuss in class. Teaching and practice compliment each other. Experience from my practice at NGT helps me giving live examples to students and teaching experience gives me confidence to make better submissions in the court room.

    There is cut throat competition in traditional fields of law. Environmental Law is an emerging field where there is less to no competition. Students aim to practice in the corporate field, however they don’t know that practice at NGT is a part of practice in the corporate field as big companies, corporations and industries have to be defended for various alleged environmental non compliances. They need good lawyers to defend their cases. Environmental compliances form a major part of compliances by the companies. There is a dearth of good lawyers practising in environmental laws. Therefore every year I keep urging my students, especially in the final year, to consider environmental laws as a good field to practice once they get into the profession.

    Having said that, I even advise them that after passing out of their college, they shouldn’t directly jump to practice at the NGT or any Tribunal for that matter because Tribunals being quasi judicial authorities are not bound by the strict rigours of Civil Procedure Code and the Evidence Act (now replaced by the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam). For any lawyer, it is essential that they know the basics of the procedural laws. At the start of their practice, if they directly and exclusively start practice at a Tribunal, there are high chances of them not learning the procedural laws. So starting a practice exclusively in any field of law or Tribunal is advisable after having learnt about the basic procedural laws by appearing before the Trial Courts. Experience of appearing before the civil courts definitely helps and compliments practice in environmental laws because the cases before the NGT are of civil nature.

    Reflecting on the early phase of your career, what experiences most profoundly shaped your legal outlook? How did they contribute to building the foundation of your current practice and professional values?

    Having conceptual clarity on the basics of law is very important for shaping a good legal career. It starts from the law school and not when one enters the profession. Students are getting strayed away from studying through textbooks. Moreover, the majority of the students study from exam point of view rather than understanding the subject from knowledge point of view. They tend to study through readymade notes prepared by someone else rather than making their own notes. This habit is hazardous because it reflects in their professional lives later on. 

    Having a habit of studying through books and making my own notes helped me not only understand the subject but even making a conscious choice of which fields I want to explore and which I want to exclude when I get into the practice. In the age of AI, everyone is losing their ability to use their brains. As far as legal studies and profession is concerned there is a dangerous trend of students and young lawyers using AI for drafting and research. 

    My internship at the NGT in my last year gave me a different view towards litigation. When one undergoes a litigation internship under a practising lawyer, one prepares the case from their client side and anticipate what will be the tricky situations from the other side. However, when one interns under a judge, both the sides are kept before your boss and you have to assist them in decision making. High stakes are involved in many cases. Compensation which is awarded by the NGT goes in crores. Habit of preparing my own notes helped me in assisting the judges during the internship and that habit still helps me in my practice as well as preparing lectures. 

    Get in touch with Aniruddha Kulkarni –

  • “Across every area I’ve worked in, the core principles have remained the same: preparation, clarity of thought, and a deep sense of responsibility toward the client’s case.” – Ankita Tiwari, Founder and Managing Partner at T&P Law Offices.

    “Across every area I’ve worked in, the core principles have remained the same: preparation, clarity of thought, and a deep sense of responsibility toward the client’s case.” – Ankita Tiwari, Founder and Managing Partner at T&P Law Offices.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    You’ve worked extensively across multiple domains, from white-collar crime and NDPS litigation to cross-border family law, commercial disputes, and arbitration. What core principles have guided you in navigating such varied legal landscapes?

    Across every area I’ve worked in—be it white-collar crime, international family disputes, or commercial arbitration—the core principles have remained the same: preparation, clarity of thought, and a deep sense of responsibility toward the client’s case. I believe in knowing the facts better than anyone else in the room and staying practical about how the law will operate in real-world scenarios.

    While each domain comes with its own nuances, I’ve found that a strong foundation in legal reasoning and the discipline to prepare thoroughly are what make the difference. Over the years, I’ve had the opportunity to work on complex and sensitive matters, and it has reinforced my belief that there’s no substitute for sincerity and strategic thinking. I may not always take the loudest approach, but I make sure my work speaks for itself—and that has taken me further than I had imagined when I started.

    Handling high-profile matters such as securing bail for a well-known actress in an NDPS case, and assisting in matters like the 2G and Satyam scams, must have come with immense pressure. How do you prepare for such sensitive and high-stakes cases? 

    High-stakes matters bring added pressure, but the key is to focus on the preparation. I had the opportunity to assist in the 2G and Satyam Scam matters early in my career, which helped me understand the scale and complexity of such prosecutions. In sensitive cases, I try to build the legal strategy step-by-step—starting with a solid understanding of the record, anticipating the likely challenges, and keeping the client well-informed throughout. When media or public attention is involved, it’s even more important to stay disciplined and avoid unnecessary noise.

    I was also fortunate to have assisted in landmark matters including Vijay Madanlal Choudhary vs Union of India, where the Supreme Court upheld key provisions of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), and Madras Bar Association vs Union of India, which clarified the framework for the functioning and independence of tribunals in India. These cases shaped critical areas of law, and being part of the teams working on them gave me a deeper understanding of constitutional interpretation and statutory design.

    Moreover, no matter how big or small the matter is, a good lawyer has to put everything into the case. That’s something I’ve always believed in and something I’ve learned from my father. Every case deserves the same level of sincerity and attention, whether it’s a high-profile matter or an everyday dispute.

    As the Founder and Managing Partner of T&P Law Offices, how do you balance your responsibilities as a practitioner, team leader, and mentor particularly in a firm that handles complex, multidimensional disputes?

    Balancing these roles requires careful time management and trust in the team. I try to remain hands-on in most matters while giving space to younger lawyers to take responsibility. I’ve realized that mentoring is as much about listening as it is about guiding. I also make sure we have systems in place that support efficient work—clear division of tasks, regular check-ins, and open communication. Ultimately, if the team works well together, things run more smoothly across the board.

    Representing NewSpace India Ltd., ISRO’s commercial subsidiary, places you at the unique intersection of law, science, and national interest. What legal challenges or insights have stood out to you while working in the space-tech sector?

    It’s a sector that’s still evolving, and every assignment brings new issues to think through. Working with NSIL has required understanding not just the legal aspects but also the technical and policy background. One major insight has been the importance of anticipating regulatory changes and making sure legal advice aligns with broader national objectives.

    You’ve successfully mediated complex cross-border child custody disputes involving countries such as the US and UK. How do you navigate these high-stakes international matters, and what steps do you take to prepare for cases involving multiple jurisdictions?

    My experience as a panel counsel for the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) has given me practical exposure to cross-border custody matters, which are often both emotionally intense and legally complex. The first step is to develop a holistic understanding of the jurisdictional interplay—knowing when Indian courts will assume jurisdiction, understand the Hague Convention framework, and coordinating with foreign counsel where needed.

    In several matters, I’ve worked closely with the US and UK embassies, and in collaboration with NCPCR, where the legal systems of both countries were able to align in support of the child’s welfare. In such cases, the legal frameworks often coincide in a way that strengthens cooperation between authorities and facilitates effective remedies.

    I also prioritize mediation and alternative dispute resolution, especially when the well-being of children is involved. Each case demands cultural sensitivity, awareness of international norms, and the ability to negotiate without losing sight of legal enforceability.

    One of the practical tools I’ve used successfully is drafting parental plans that outline shared responsibilities and structured arrangements—covering education, visitation, healthcare, and communication between the child and both parents. These plans, drafted keeping the child’s best interest at the core, have often helped in reaching settlements that are acceptable to both parties and enforceable across borders.

    Ultimately, while the legal strategy must be sound, the focus in such matters must always remain on the child’s welfare, not just the legal outcome.

    Having worked with prominent lawyers and leading firms, what were the most important lessons or values you carried forward into your own independent practice? Additionally, what was your motivation to establish your own practice?

    Working with Senior Advocate Mr. Sidharth Luthra taught me how important precision and clarity are—both in how you present a case and how you think about it. At Saraf and Partners, I learned how to handle complex matters that involved a lot of moving parts, and how to function effectively as part of a structured team. Both experiences shaped the way I approach work even today.

    But at some point, I felt the need to build something of my own—something more personal and meaningful. I’ve always wanted to contribute to society in a real way, and that was one of the reasons I joined the Delhi Legal Services Authority early on in my career. That experience reinforced for me that law isn’t just a profession—it can be a tool to help people, to solve problems, and to make space for fairness.

    Starting my own practice was a step toward aligning my work with what I care about. I wanted more control over the kind of matters I take up, and the kind of environment I create for the people I work with. Law has its challenges, but for me, it’s something I’ve genuinely grown passionate about—it gives me a sense of purpose, even when the day-to-day is tough.

    As a practitioner who actively engages with legal education through guest lectures and mentoring, how do you view the relationship between academic involvement and courtroom practice? In what ways has this engagement shaped your growth as a legal professional?

    Academic engagement has always been an integral part of my professional growth. It provides the space to reflect more deeply on legal principles beyond the immediacy of courtroom pressures. Delivering guest lectures or judging moots requires distilling complex legal concepts into accessible ideas, which in turn sharpens my own clarity of thought and argumentation. It’s also intellectually refreshing—interacting with students often brings unexpected questions and fresh perspectives that challenge rigid thinking and encourage a broader view of the law.

    Mentoring, both within and outside the office, has been equally meaningful. I’ve benefited from strong mentors myself, and I try to carry that forward by offering honest, practical guidance to younger lawyers. Teaching and mentoring remind me that legal practice isn’t just about individual success—it’s about contributing to the growth of the profession as a whole.

    Given your specialization in white-collar crime, how do you approach ethical dilemmas, particularly in cases involving allegations of financial misconduct, corruption, or money laundering? Additionally, what drew you to a career in law and led you to focus on this area of practice?

    I was drawn to law because I’ve always appreciated how structured, purpose-driven, and outcome-oriented the profession is. Over time, I naturally gravitated towards white-collar crime because it brings together the two things I find most intellectually engaging—analytical reasoning and investigative problem-solving. The issues are layered, the fact patterns are rarely linear, and the stakes—both reputational and legal—are incredibly high.

    What I enjoy most about working in this space is the challenge of navigating complex regulatory frameworks and making sense of large volumes of financial or digital evidence. Each matter demands a deep dive, not just into legal precedent but also into operational realities—whether of companies, public institutions, or individuals in leadership roles.

    Ethical dilemmas are inherent in this space, and they require a calibrated approach, one that balances legal strategy with integrity and foresight. My role is not just to respond to allegations, but to anticipate implications across forums—criminal, regulatory, and reputational. I believe clients come to you in such situations not only for legal defence, but for clarity, discretion, and a roadmap forward. That’s what I strive to deliver.

    With nearly a decade in the legal profession and diverse exposure to litigation, advisory work, and international law, what advice would you offer young lawyers, especially women, who aspire to build resilient and independent practices like yours?

    My first piece of advice would be: be patient, and keep showing up. There really is no substitute for consistency. A practice isn’t built overnight—it’s the outcome of sustained effort, credibility, and doing the work well, matter after matter.

    For women in particular, the legal profession can present both visible and invisible challenges. It helps immensely to develop a strong support system—whether through peers, mentors, or collaborators. Equally important is to be assertive in taking up space: seek opportunities, ask the questions, and don’t hesitate to say no when something doesn’t align with your professional values or direction.

    Most importantly, don’t let self-doubt become part of your inner vocabulary. The law is demanding, but it’s also deeply rewarding for those who stay committed. With time, clarity, and hard work, your practice will evolve in ways that are both sustainable and fulfilling.

    Get in touch with Ankita Tiwari –

  • “Having a solid technical foundation helps me engage meaningfully with inventors, understand the core of their innovation, and translate that into precise legal language.” – Davender Punia, Patent Counsel at Wadhwa Law Offices.

    “Having a solid technical foundation helps me engage meaningfully with inventors, understand the core of their innovation, and translate that into precise legal language.” – Davender Punia, Patent Counsel at Wadhwa Law Offices.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    From engineering at BITS, Pilani to an LL.M. in Law & Technology at UC Berkeley, what inspired your transition from a technical role to a legal career, particularly in the field of intellectual property?

    I have always been someone who wanted to carve a slightly unconventional path. While many of my peers were heading towards an MBA or preparing for UPSC, I found myself questioning what would truly keep me intellectually engaged and professionally satisfied in the long run. That’s when I started reflecting deeply on my interests and I realised that law was something that genuinely intrigued me.

    So, I decided to take the leap and pursued an LL.B. from Delhi University along with my first job. During my law studies, I naturally gravitated towards patent law. It was a perfect intersection of my technical background and growing interest in legal thinking. That blend of technology and law really excited me.

    After completing my LL.B., I wanted to deepen my understanding and focus on this intersection, which led me to pursue an LL.M. in Law & Technology at UC Berkeley. Since then, I’ve been working as a patent lawyer, and while the transition from engineering to law was certainly a bold and challenging one, looking back now, I can say it was one of the best decisions I have made. It has been a fulfilling journey.

    In what ways has your engineering background influenced your approach to patent drafting, prosecution, or litigation especially when dealing with highly technical sectors?

    My engineering background plays a crucial role in how I approach patent matters. It has trained me to think logically, break down complex inventions into simpler components, and understand the technical nuances that are often central to patent drafting and prosecution. When dealing with inventions, having a solid technical foundation helps me engage meaningfully with inventors, understand the core of their innovation, and translate that into precise legal language. This ensures that the patents I draft are not only legally sound but also technically accurate and strategically strong. 

    Even in litigation, my ability to understand technical documents, prior art, and expert reports gives me an edge in building arguments and cross-examining technical witnesses. It helps bridge the gap between the legal and technical worlds which is essential in patent law.

    Transitioning from engineering to law is quite a significant shift. What were some of the key challenges you faced early on in your legal career, and how did you navigate them?

    Yes, the transition from engineering to law came with its fair share of challenges. The skill sets required in both fields are quite different. In engineering, the focus is largely on problem-solving in a structured, often individual capacity. On the other hand, law is much more dynamic and people-facing involving teamwork, client interactions, and the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly.

    Initially, it was a bit overwhelming to shift from working quietly on technical problems to having to articulate arguments, think on my feet, and engage with clients, patent officers or courts. Adapting to this new environment took time, but with consistent effort and mentorship, I eventually found a rhythm. Looking back, I see this shift not as a hurdle but as an important phase of personal and professional growth.

    You’ve been closely associated with the automobile industry- both through your prior engineering role at Maruti Suzuki and working on patent strategy for automobile companies. What are some of the unique IP challenges that companies in this sector face when operating in India?

    One key observation I have made while working with Indian automotive companies is that IP is often not treated as a strategic priority. It usually comes in late during product development, especially in a sector traditionally focused on production and supply chains. Enforcement is a major concern, particularly when it comes to tackling counterfeit products. Another challenge lies in vendor-level IP protection,many companies work with third-party suppliers without clearly defined IP ownership in contracts, which becomes a legal nightmare at a later stage.

    However, the landscape is evolving. With the rise of EVs, connected mobility, and software-driven features, IP is becoming increasingly important. Buyers today often care more about tech features than mechanical specs. Yet protecting such innovations especially software and AI is tricky in India due to patentability restrictions. A proactive IP strategy is now more essential than ever.

    Having represented clients in opposition proceedings and patent office hearings, how would you assess the Indian patent ecosystem in comparison to international jurisdictions? What best practices could India adopt to strengthen its system?

    The Indian patent ecosystem has come a long way, especially in the last few years. Timelines have improved, rules have been amended, digitization has made filings and hearings more efficient, the Patent Office is becoming more responsive, and special IP divisions are being set up at major High Courts. However, when compared to some international jurisdictions, there’s still room for improvement particularly in consistency of examination standards and depth of reasoning in office actions or opposition decisions.

    Another area where India can improve is in increasing technical training and specialization of patent examiners, especially in emerging fields like AI and biotech. Greater transparency in outcomes and timelines would also build confidence in the system. Adopting global best practices and encouraging early engagement between applicants and examiners, could also go a long way in strengthening the Indian IP ecosystem.

    Your time at UC Berkeley exposed you to global perspectives on intellectual property and business strategy. How has this international exposure influenced your legal thinking and practice within the Indian framework?

    Patent law is one field where the core concepts like novelty and inventive step remain largely uniform across major jurisdictions, thanks to global frameworks like the Paris Convention and the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). My exposure to the US patent system and interactions with peers from over 50 countries at UC Berkeley significantly broadened my perspective on how different countries approach similar IP challenges.

    This international experience equipped me to handle patent prosecution in jurisdictions like the US and EU with greater confidence. More importantly, it helped me view IP not just as a legal formality but as a strategic business tool. I now encourage clients to think about IP early and align it with their commercial objectives. It also made me more mindful of global standards in drafting, prosecution, and portfolio management. Bridging international best practices with the Indian framework has added real value to my practice and client outcomes.

    With rapid technological advancements, how do you see AI reshaping the legal industry? What steps can lawyers take to remain relevant in the age of AI??

    AI is a topic I am deeply passionate about. I would like to touch on two key aspects here- how AI is transforming the legal profession, and the legal challenges AI itself brings.

    AI will reshape every area of law, from IP to liability and contract interpretation to competition, data privacy, and regulatory compliance. Even without a dedicated AI law like the EU AI Act, existing legal frameworks will increasingly need to address AI-related issues. The day is not far when most law firms will have dedicated AI law practice.

    On the other hand, AI is also changing how we practice law. Given the template-driven and repetitive nature of much of legal work, AI tools are being widely adopted to improve efficiency. Major law firms in India have started integrating AI into their workflows. While this boosts productivity, it also raises concerns about the future of certain legal roles. 

    As the saying goes, “AI would not replace lawyers but will replace lawyers who don’t use AI”. To stay relevant, legal professionals must embrace technology, continuously upskill, and focus on areas where human judgment, strategic thinking, and empathy remain indispensable.

    Following up on the previous question, what are the key legal issues AI raises in the context of IP law?

    AI raises several complex legal questions in IP law because it challenges traditional concepts of authorship, inventorship, and ownership. For instance, most patent and copyright systems globally require a human creator or inventor but how do we address inventions or creative works autonomously generated by AI? Should the AI’s developer, user, or owner get the rights?

    Another major issue is training data. AI models are often trained on vast datasets that may include copyrighted works, raising concerns about infringement and fair use. Determining the originality of AI-generated content also becomes tricky when the model relies on pre-existing works.

    Additionally, protecting AI algorithms and models themselves whether through patents, trade secrets, or copyrights poses its own challenges, especially when the invention combines both software and data-driven elements. Courts around the world are grappling with these issues, and it’s prompting a re-examination of existing IP frameworks. As AI continues to evolve, significant legal reforms may be necessary to address these emerging challenges effectively.

    Looking back on your professional journey, what advice would you offer to students or young professionals aspiring to build a career in IP law, especially in patents?

    My advice to students or young professionals aspiring to build a career in IP law, especially in patents, is to stay curious and build a strong foundation in both technology and law. Patent law sits at the intersection of science, innovation, and legal reasoning, so having a genuine interest in understanding how things work is key.

    Second, be patient. The learning curve can be steep, especially when dealing with complex inventions or international legal frameworks. Also, focus on sharpening your writing and analytical skills, they’re at the core of good patent practice.

    Lastly, stay updated. With emerging technologies like AI, biotech, and quantum computing, IP law is constantly evolving.

    I would especially encourage science and engineering students to consider patent law as a career option. It’s a unique field where your technical background becomes a real asset, and the work is both intellectually stimulating and impactful.

    Get in touch with Davender Punia –

  • “In essence, global success in law is no longer reserved for the privileged few. With the right mindset, a commitment to growth, and the courage to take that first step, no matter how small, you can carve your own path.” – Medini Sourav Dutta, Regional Lead Legal at The Hershey Company, Malaysia.

    “In essence, global success in law is no longer reserved for the privileged few. With the right mindset, a commitment to growth, and the courage to take that first step, no matter how small, you can carve your own path.” – Medini Sourav Dutta, Regional Lead Legal at The Hershey Company, Malaysia.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Your journey from a remote village in India to a senior legal role in a century-old American multinational is incredibly inspiring. What early experiences or turning points played a pivotal role in developing your interest in Law in the first place?

    Growing up in a remote village in Assam, access to resources was limited, but the values instilled in me, resilience, curiosity, and a strong sense of justice, were profound. I vividly remember witnessing everyday challenges faced by people in my community, often due to a lack of awareness of their rights or access to legal support. These early observations sparked a deep interest in the mechanisms of justice and how the law could serve as a tool for empowerment.

    A pivotal moment came during my school years when I had the opportunity to assist a local teacher who was helping villagers draft and understand basic legal documents. That experience, though informal, was transformative. It opened my eyes to how meaningful an impact legal knowledge could have when applied with empathy and purpose.

    Later, during my university studies, I was drawn not just to the theory of law, but also to its application in real-world, cross-border business scenarios. This interest deepened as I began to understand the role legal professionals play in shaping not only individual outcomes but also the trajectory of entire organizations.

    Each step of the way, from the modest beginnings in my village to engaging with multinational teams across continents, has been driven by a belief that the law, when practiced with integrity and foresight, can be a powerful enabler of growth, fairness, and progress.

    Spanning over 15 years across industries like pharmaceuticals, IT, and manufacturing, your career reflects both depth and versatility. What foundational lessons from your early roles continue to guide your practice today?

    One of the most enduring lessons from my early roles is the importance of listening deeply and understanding the business context before offering legal advice. Early in my career, I realized that being technically sound in law is essential but not sufficient. To be truly effective, a legal professional must align legal strategy with business objectives and operational realities. This perspective has consistently guided my approach across industries.

    Another foundational lesson is the value of clarity and simplicity in communication. Whether I was supporting a pharmaceutical company on regulatory compliance or helping an IT firm scale its contract operations, I learned that demystifying legal complexity for non-legal stakeholders builds trust and accelerates decision-making. The ability to translate legal language into practical guidance is something I continue to emphasize and foster in the teams I lead.

    Lastly, adaptability has been a constant companion. Working across different geographies and regulatory frameworks, from India to the Americas, taught me to stay agile, culturally sensitive, and open to learning. The legal landscapes may differ, but the need for sound judgment, ethical integrity, and strategic foresight remains universal.

    These early principles, business empathy, clear communication, and adaptability, have become the cornerstones of my practice and continue to shape how I engage with stakeholders, lead teams, and deliver value in complex, evolving environments.

    At The Hershey Company, you’ve played a key role in ensuring compliance with corporate governance, legal obligations, and regulatory standards across regions including APAC and Europe. Could you share one of the most challenging situations you’ve encountered in this journey, and how you effectively navigate it?

    Thank you for the question. While I must respect the confidentiality obligations inherent to my current role and cannot discuss specific internal situations, I can share that navigating complex compliance challenges across diverse jurisdictions requires a combination of proactive stakeholder engagement, cross-functional collaboration, and adaptability to evolving regulations.

    In my experience, the key to effectively managing such challenges lies in fostering open communication with local experts, aligning legal strategies with business goals, and maintaining a flexible yet rigorous approach to compliance. This mindset has consistently enabled successful navigation of complex regulatory environments without compromising confidentiality.

    With extensive experience in negotiating high-value contracts, what common pitfalls have you observed in commercial negotiations and how can legal teams proactively avoid them in high-pressure environments?

    One of the most common pitfalls I have observed in high-value commercial negotiations is focusing too heavily on legal minutiae without fully understanding the commercial drivers and deal dynamics. While it’s crucial to safeguard the company’s legal interests, an overly rigid approach can alienate the counterparty or delay progress, especially in high-pressure environments where timing and agility are critical.

    Another frequent misstep is insufficient alignment between the legal team and internal business stakeholders before negotiations begin. When legal teams are brought in late or are not fully briefed on the business objectives and risk tolerance, negotiations can become reactive rather than strategic, leading to missed opportunities or poorly structured outcomes.

    To proactively avoid these pitfalls, I emphasize the following approaches:

    1. Early and continuous collaboration: Involving legal professionals at the outset of the deal cycle fosters a proactive, strategic approach rather than a reactive one. By gaining a deep understanding of the underlying business rationale, legal teams can craft solutions that not only mitigate risks but also actively facilitate and enable the successful execution of the deal.
    2. Scenario planning and fallback positions: In high-stakes negotiations, pressure can lead to rushed decisions. By preparing fallback positions and pre-approved negotiation levers in advance, legal teams can respond quickly without compromising on key risk parameters.
    3. Clear internal alignment on priorities: Before entering negotiations, I ensure that all internal stakeholders, from finance to operations, are aligned on what is negotiable and what is not. This clarity helps present a united front and prevents conflicting messages during the negotiation process.
    4. Balancing firmness with flexibility: Successful negotiations often require finding creative middle ground. Legal teams that are solution-oriented, commercially aware, and culturally attuned are far better positioned to achieve outcomes that are both compliant and commercially viable.

    Ultimately, effective negotiation is about understanding both the legal and human elements of the deal. By staying calm under pressure, communicating clearly, and staying focused on the end goal, legal teams can not only protect the business but also enhance its reputation as a trusted and pragmatic partner.

    Legal technology and process optimization are central to your work. What do you see as the biggest opportunities and challenges for legal departments embracing automation and AI in contract lifecycle management?

    The rise of automation and AI in contract lifecycle management presents an exciting opportunity for legal departments to transform from being reactive support functions to strategic enablers of business efficiency and growth. When implemented thoughtfully, legal technology can drastically reduce cycle times, improve compliance, and deliver actionable insights from contract data, turning legal operations into a source of competitive advantage.

    With AI-powered analytics, legal teams can extract trends from thousands of contracts, identifying risks, renegotiation triggers, or compliance gaps proactively. Automation also enables standardization and scalability, especially for high-volume, low-risk agreements, freeing up legal talent to focus on complex, strategic matters.

    However, the challenges are equally significant. One major hurdle is change management. Legal functions have traditionally been risk-averse, and shifting mindsets toward embracing technology can be slow. Without clear alignment between legal, IT, procurement, and business teams, implementation can become fragmented, resulting in poor adoption and underutilized platforms.

    Another challenge is balancing automation with judgment. AI can streamline workflows, but legal decision-making still requires human insight, especially in nuanced or high-stakes scenarios. Ensuring that automation enhances, rather than replaces, critical thinking is key.

    To navigate this journey successfully, I believe legal departments should focus on three core principles:

    • Start with process clarity and optimize before automating.
    • Select tools that integrate seamlessly into existing ecosystems and workflows.
    • Invest in capability building, ensuring teams are trained not just on how to use technology, but how to extract its full strategic value.

    Ultimately, the goal is not just to automate for efficiency but to elevate the role of legal as a proactive, tech-enabled partner in the business ecosystem.

    You’ve led teams and collaborated across functions globally. What leadership principles have stayed with you, especially when working with diverse legal and business stakeholders?

    Leading and collaborating across diverse legal and business teams, often spread across different geographies, cultures, and regulatory environments, has taught me that effective leadership is grounded in empathy, clarity, and trust.

    One principle that has consistently guided me is the importance of active listening and cultural sensitivity. In global environments, legal and business perspectives can vary significantly depending on local norms, risk perceptions, and market dynamics. Taking the time to understand those perspectives, before offering solutions, builds credibility and strengthens collaboration.

    I also believe in leading with clarity of purpose. Whether I’m guiding a legal team or partnering with cross-functional stakeholders, I strive to clearly communicate goals, expectations, and the rationale behind key decisions. In complex projects, especially those involving regulatory or commercial risk, clarity helps align efforts and fosters collective ownership.

    Another key principle is empowerment through trust. I have found that giving people the space to take ownership while being available as a sounding board, creates stronger, more resilient teams. It is especially important when managing legal functions across time zones, where micromanagement is not only ineffective but also unsustainable.

    Finally, I try to lead by example, particularly when it comes to integrity and accountability. In legal roles, your credibility often precedes you. Being consistent, dependable, and fair, even under pressure, helps build long-term trust across both legal and business communities.

    In essence, leadership in a global legal context isn’t just about directing, it is about connecting, aligning diverse perspectives toward common objectives, and doing so with authenticity, respect, and strategic foresight.

    Your early exposure to litigation and dispute resolution must have provided valuable perspective. How did you decide to transition to an international practice and how did you navigate the complexities involved with it?

    My early exposure to litigation and dispute resolution gave me a solid ground in the fundamentals of legal analysis, advocacy, and risk assessment. Working on contentious matters in the Indian legal system taught me to think critically, anticipate challenges, and understand the nuances of courtroom dynamics, all of which are invaluable skills, even outside the litigation context.

    However, over time, I became increasingly drawn to the preventive and strategic side of legal practice, particularly how legal frameworks could be leveraged to support business growth, mitigate risk before it materializes, and enable long-term value creation. I saw international practice as a natural evolution of this interest. It offered the opportunity to work across jurisdictions, partner closely with business leaders, and help organizations navigate regulatory complexity on a global scale.

    The transition wasn’t without challenges. Moving from a litigation-focused role to an in-house, cross-border environment required me to reorient my mindset from issue resolution to issue prevention, and from adversarial negotiation to collaborative problem-solving. I invested significant time in understanding international legal systems, both common law and civil law traditions, as well as gaining fluency in business operations and corporate governance.

    One of the most effective ways I navigated this shift was by embracing continuous learning and remaining adaptable. I took on roles that expanded my exposure to multinational operations, built relationships with colleagues across functions and cultures, and sought mentors who had successfully made similar transitions.

    In hindsight, my litigation experience gave me a strong foundation in legal rigor and risk management, while my move into international practice allowed me to broaden my impact, helping businesses not just survive legal hurdles, but thrive through strategic legal support.

    Having worked across both common and civil law systems, what key differences do you notice in legal operations, and how do you keep up with the ever changing dimensions of legal compliances across jurisdictions?

    Working across both common and civil law systems has deepened my appreciation for the diversity in legal reasoning, procedural approaches, and the role of precedent in shaping legal outcomes. In common law systems, there is a strong reliance on case law and judicial interpretation, which demands a nuanced understanding of precedent and how it evolves over time. In contrast, civil law systems are more codified and statute-driven, requiring a close reading of the legislative framework and its administrative interpretations.

    From an operational standpoint, these differences manifest in contract drafting styles, dispute resolution mechanisms, and compliance expectations. For instance, civil law jurisdictions may favor more concise contracts that rely on statutory provisions, whereas common law jurisdictions often require more detailed, self-contained agreements. Similarly, the pace and approach to regulatory enforcement can vary widely. What is standard in one jurisdiction may be seen as intrusive or inadequate in another.

    To manage these complexities, I take a proactive, layered approach to legal compliance:

    • Local Expertise: I collaborate closely with local counsel and regional experts to stay aligned with jurisdiction-specific interpretations and enforcement trends. This ensures that our global strategies are grounded in local realities.
    • Knowledge Sharing and Internal Training: I prioritize creating internal awareness through cross-functional training, compliance toolkits, and internal policy updates, making sure legal and business teams are equipped to operate responsibly across borders.
    • Regulatory Monitoring and Strategic Technology Use: I leverage legal tech solutions and regulatory intelligence platforms to track evolving legal landscapes, particularly in areas like data privacy, ESG, and trade compliance, where change is rapid and multidimensional.
    • Harmonization with Flexibility: Wherever possible, I advocate for harmonized global processes that can be tailored for local adaptation. This allows for consistency in core legal and compliance principles while respecting jurisdictional nuances.

    Ultimately, navigating these varied legal systems requires not only technical knowledge, but also cultural sensitivity, open communication, and a commitment to continuous learning. It is this blend of structure and adaptability that allows legal operations to remain effective and compliant in a constantly shifting global environment.

    What advice would you offer to young legal professionals particularly those from non-metropolitan backgrounds aspiring to make a mark globally? And how do you personally stay ahead in this ever-evolving legal ecosystem?

    To young legal professionals, particularly those from non-metropolitan or modest backgrounds, I want to say that your origin does not define your destination. What matters most is your willingness to learn, your resilience in the face of challenges, and your ability to adapt. I come from a remote village in Assam, and I understand firsthand the barriers, both visible and invisible, that can make global aspirations seem out of reach. But those very roots can also be your greatest strength. They teach you humility, grit, and the power of persistence.

    My advice is to focus on building a strong foundation in both legal knowledge and practical skills. Be curious, ask questions, and don’t shy away from stepping outside your comfort zone. Seek mentors, even if informally, and be open to feedback. Language, geography, or access may feel like limitations initially, but with consistency, self-discipline, and digital access to global knowledge, those gaps can be closed.

    Also, understand that legal excellence today goes beyond black-letter law. Develop a commercial mindset, be tech-aware, and build cultural fluency. In a globalized legal ecosystem, your ability to collaborate across time zones, cultures, and functions is just as critical as your ability to interpret a statute.

    As for how I stay ahead in this evolving field, it is a combination of continuous learning, strategic networking, and hands-on collaboration. I make it a point to stay informed through industry publications, legal tech forums, and cross-functional discussions. I also learn immensely from mentoring others which offers fresh perspectives and keeps me grounded.

    In essence, global success in law is no longer reserved for the privileged few. With the right mindset, a commitment to growth, and the courage to take that first step, no matter how small, you can carve your own path.

    Get in touch with Medini Sourav Dutta –

  • “Litigation demands more than a sound understanding of the law; it calls for strategic thinking, creativity in argumentation, and a deep sense of ethical responsibility.” – Dushyant Tiwari, Advocate-on-Record at Supreme Court of India.

    “Litigation demands more than a sound understanding of the law; it calls for strategic thinking, creativity in argumentation, and a deep sense of ethical responsibility.” – Dushyant Tiwari, Advocate-on-Record at Supreme Court of India.

    This interview has been published by Anshi Mudgal and The SuperLawyer Team

    Having graduated from NUALS, Kerala, and starting your practice directly before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, what inspired you to pursue such a high-stakes litigation career so early on ?

    My decision to pursue litigation particularly by starting directly at the Supreme Court was rooted in both personal ambition and the exposure I received during law school. Coming from a first-generation legal background, I didn’t have familial connections in the profession. That absence could have been a limitation, but in many ways, it became a motivator.

    A key factor that empowered me was the strong support of my family, especially my elder brother. His advice and encouragement played a crucial role in helping me make bold career decisions, including the step to begin my practice at the apex court. His belief in my potential gave me the confidence to pursue a path that was unconventional and challenging.

    During law school, I had the opportunity to intern with a diverse set of accomplished lawyers. These experiences offered me valuable exposure to different styles of practice and deepened my understanding of litigation as more than just dispute resolution. I saw firsthand how litigation can serve as a powerful tool—not just for individual justice, but for broader policy reform and societal impact.

    What truly attracted me to litigation was its intellectually rigorous nature. It demands more than a sound understanding of the law; it calls for strategic thinking, creativity in argumentation, and a deep sense of ethical responsibility.

    Starting out at the Supreme Court was undoubtedly intimidating, but it gave me a unique opportunity to engage with complex, high-stakes matters early in my career. I was able to learn directly from senior advocates and constitutional experts. While building a reputation from scratch came with its own set of hurdles, the process made me more resilient, disciplined, and committed to the principles of justice.

    What were some key challenges and lessons you learned while transitioning from working with an Advocate-on-Record to establishing your own practice in 2016, and later founding Scripta Lex Law Firm in 2018?

    The transition was both challenging and transformative. One major hurdle was building a client base from the ground up. As a first-generation lawyer, I lacked industry connections and had to rely solely on the quality of my work and my ability to earn trust.

    Running an independent practice also introduced me to the administrative side of law—budgeting, staffing, operations, and more. Shifting from solely legal work to managing a full-fledged firm required developing a new skill set quickly.

    The most valuable lesson I learned was the importance of building and nurturing relationships. In the absence of a network, I made a conscious effort to connect with senior counsel, peers, and clients. Legal expertise is essential, but trust and communication are what sustain a practice.

    Running my own firm has also taught me to take full ownership of every case. Beyond legal strategy, I now consider a client’s broader goals and circumstances. It’s given me a holistic approach and a deeper understanding of how to lead both in the courtroom and within my firm.

    As a qualified Advocate-on-Record (AOR), what are the unique responsibilities that come with the role, and how do they affect your practice?

    Being an AOR comes with significant responsibility. Only AORs have the right to file documents before the Supreme Court, which means every filing must be flawless in terms of format, compliance, and timing.

    As an AOR, I’m also the official point of contact between the client and the Court. This means that my role extends beyond documentation, I must ensure that clients are informed, and expectations are managed appropriately.

    This responsibility has enhanced my attention to detail and refined my organizational skills. It has also deepened my appreciation for the precision and professionalism that the Supreme Court demands, ultimately shaping me into a more disciplined and reliable practitioner.

    You have significant experience across varied forums, Supreme Court, High Courts, NCLT/NCLAT, NCDRC, and more. How do you approach such diverse jurisdictions and areas of law? Which field has evolved the most in the last decade?

    Each forum requires a distinct approach. At the Supreme Court and High Courts, cases often involve constitutional or public interest elements. These require legal foresight and arguments that resonate at a policy level.

    In contrast, corporate forums like NCLT/NCLAT demand a deep understanding of statutory frameworks like the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). I frequently collaborate with financial experts to address the commercial realities involved.

    In the NCDRC, which deals with consumer disputes, the emphasis is on practical solutions and timely resolutions. These forums call for clarity, efficiency, and client-centric approaches.

    Among all, Insolvency Law has evolved the most over the past decade. The IBC has transformed corporate debt resolution in India. As it continues to evolve through amendments and judicial interpretation, staying updated and agile is crucial.

    Consumer Law has also seen major developments, especially with the growth of e-commerce. The introduction of the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020, reflects this shift and has changed how we approach digital consumer disputes.

    Navigating these forums successfully demands continuous learning, adaptability, and cross-disciplinary collaboration.

    With your expertise over various aspects, can you share a defining case that shaped your outlook on litigation?

    One defining case was a complex corporate insolvency matter under the IBC before the NCLT. The company in question had multiple stakeholders—each with competing interests. The legal issues were intricate, but so were the financial and strategic considerations.

    What made the case significant was its timing, it occurred when the IBC was still evolving. We were navigating uncharted waters, relying on fresh judicial interpretations and creative legal solutions.

    This case reinforced my belief that litigation isn’t just about resolving disputes; it’s about contributing to systemic and economic recovery. Lawyers play a vital role in shaping not only legal outcomes but also financial futures and social stability.

    What gaps do you see in consumer awareness, and how should the Consumer Protection framework evolve?

    A major gap lies in the lack of awareness, especially in rural and underserved areas. Many people don’t know their basic consumer rights or how to seek redress. Even in urban areas, legal processes can seem intimidating and inaccessible.

    With digital commerce, new challenges like cross-border transactions, misleading ads, and jurisdictional issues have emerged.

    To address these, the framework must evolve by:

    • Expanding legal literacy through targeted outreach programs
    • Simplifying online complaint processes
    • Strengthening digital consumer protection mechanisms
    • Enhancing enforcement to ensure timely justice
    • Creating user-friendly forums for efficient dispute resolution

    Improving access and responsiveness will help make the system more inclusive and effective.

    How do you balance pro bono commitments with your commercial practice?

    For me, pro bono work is not just a commitment, it’s a principle. I believe access to justice should never be determined by one’s ability to pay.

    Balancing both requires discipline. I set aside dedicated time and ensure that pro bono matters are managed with the same attention as commercial cases. In fact, these cases often sharpen my empathy and creativity, enriching my approach to complex commercial matters as well.

    Pro bono work reminds me why I chose this profession—to make a meaningful impact. It grounds me and enhances the human side of my legal practice.

    Where do you see the greatest opportunities for young legal professionals today?

    There’s immense opportunity in emerging areas like data privacy, technology law, and insolvency law. With growing digital transactions and evolving privacy concerns, lawyers with expertise in tech-law intersections are in high demand.

    The IBC continues to offer opportunities in corporate restructuring, cross-border insolvency, and distressed asset resolution.

    Young lawyers should focus on:

    • Staying updated with legal-tech trends
    • Carving niches in emerging fields
    • Embracing specialization
    • Building digital fluency alongside legal expertise

    Those who adapt early to these trends will be best positioned to lead the future of legal practice.

    What advice would you give to law students or young advocates entering litigation?

    • Master the basics: Strong fundamentals are your best asset.
    • Seek mentorship: Learn from seasoned lawyers—it shapes your growth.
    • Be patient: Litigation is a long journey; focus on consistency and credibility.
    • Build relationships: Clients value trust, not just technical knowledge.
    • Work in teams: Collaborative success is sustainable success.
    • Use technology: Legal tech enhances efficiency and reach.
    • Specialize and build focus: Develop niche expertise to differentiate yourself. Alongside this, cultivate the habit of reading books—legal and otherwise. Deep reading enhances comprehension, critical thinking, and focus in a way that passive scrolling through social media never can.
    • Take care of yourself: Mental and physical well-being are vital for long-term growth.

    And most importantly stay curious, stay ethical, and stay resilient. Litigation rewards those who show up, stay prepared, and work with purpose.

    Get in touch with Dushyant Tiwari –