With almost two decades of experience in law, what inspired you to pursue this profession, especially considering your background in an agricultural family? Could you share your law school experience and how it shaped your path in the legal field?
My journey into law was driven by a combination of personal ambition, resilience, and the unwavering support of my family. Coming from an agricultural background, legal studies were not a conventional path in my family. However, after facing setbacks in my early academic pursuits—particularly in my 12th-grade science exams—I took it upon myself to carve a new path. The decision to study law was not one of convenience but of deep-seated aspiration, coupled with an innate sense of justice and advocacy.
Being the first in my family to enter the legal profession required me to step out of my comfort zone. I left my rural hometown and moved to Bengaluru, where I pursued my law degree at Al-Ameen College of Law. My time at law school was transformative; it provided not only theoretical legal knowledge but also practical exposure that helped me understand the intricacies of the judicial system. Through academic rigor, moot courts, legal aid camps, and interactions with seasoned advocates, I developed a strong foundation in jurisprudence, constitutional principles, and litigation strategies.
More importantly, law school instilled in me a sense of discipline and perseverance—qualities that have been instrumental in shaping my career. The experience taught me that law is not merely about statutes and case law but about understanding human rights, justice, and the profound impact that legal decisions have on society. This realization further fueled my passion for the profession and set me on a path of continuous learning and advocacy.
How did your early years in practice shape your approach to law? Having worked in esteemed roles, such as with ARK Usmani & Associates, KN Subba Reddy & Vivek Subba Reddy Associates, and the Government of Karnataka, how did each position contribute to the development of your legal expertise?
The early years of my legal career were instrumental in shaping my approach to law. I firmly believe that the foundation of a successful legal practitioner lies in practical experience, mentorship, and an unwavering commitment to learning.
I began my legal journey at an early stage, immersing myself in internships, drafting, pleadings, and court procedures. Under the guidance of seasoned advocates at ARK Usmani & Associates, I learned the fundamentals of litigation, client counseling, and legal documentation. This experience provided me with firsthand exposure to the nuances of civil and criminal law, including how to build strong legal arguments and navigate complex case laws.
Working with KN Subba Reddy & Vivek Subba Reddy Associates further honed my litigation skills, particularly in high-stakes matters. Here, I developed a deeper understanding of procedural laws, cross-examinations, and trial advocacy, all of which proved invaluable in my subsequent roles.
My tenure with the Government of Karnataka marked a significant transition, as I shifted from private practice to public law. This role allowed me to understand the workings of the government, its legal framework, and the intersection between public policy and the judiciary. Engaging in government litigation, regulatory compliance, and policy interpretation broadened my perspective and helped me refine my expertise in constitutional and administrative law.
Each position I held played a crucial role in shaping my professional identity. They collectively reinforced my commitment to justice, legal precision, and ethical advocacy, ultimately guiding me toward a distinguished career in public service and independent practice.
With your experience across areas like Constitutional Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law, Corporate & Banking Law, and more, what was your experience like working as the Central Government Counsel at the High Court of Karnataka from 2015 to 2019? Could you share some key lessons or challenges faced during that period?
Serving as Central Government Counsel at the High Court of Karnataka from 2015 to 2019 was one of the most intellectually stimulating and professionally enriching phases of my career. Representing the Union of India (UOI) in complex legal matters required an in-depth understanding of constitutional provisions, statutory interpretations, and public policy frameworks.
One of the most significant aspects of this role was understanding and advocating for the government’s standpoint behind legislative actions and administrative decisions. Government litigation is unique because it does not only involve individual disputes but often concerns matters of public interest, governance, and national policy implementation. This role deepened my understanding of quasi-federalism, the intricate relationship between the Union and State governments, and the legal disputes that arise between them.
Key lessons from this period include:
1. Strategic Litigation & Policy Advocacy – Representing the government requires not just legal knowledge but also strategic thinking. I had to ensure that legal arguments aligned with the broader policy framework of the Central Government.
2. Balancing Judicial Review & Governmental Authority – A major challenge in government litigation is navigating cases where government policies are challenged under judicial review. Balancing the principles of legislative intent, constitutional validity, and public welfare was a crucial aspect of my role.
3. High-Stakes Litigation – Many cases I handled involved issues of constitutional interpretation, statutory challenges, and administrative law disputes. These matters required meticulous research and well-articulated legal submissions.
Overall, my tenure as Central Government Counsel provided me with a macro-level perspective on governance, public administration, and the critical role of legal professionals in shaping public policy through judicial processes.
As the Additional Advocate General for the Government of Karnataka, you’ve likely handled diverse cases. Which case has been the most rewarding for you in this role, and what strategies did you employ to manage such a complex matter?
Every case assigned to me by the Advocate General of Karnataka has carried its own significance and set of challenges. As Additional Advocate General, I have had the privilege of handling cases that impact public policy, constitutional interpretation, and fundamental rights.
One of the most rewarding aspects of this role has been the opportunity to argue cases that directly influence governance and legislative frameworks. Whether it involves challenges to state policies, high-value litigation, or cases concerning the rights of citizens, each matter requires a strategic, well-researched, and legally sound approach.
My strategy in managing complex cases is based on the following principles:
1. In-Depth Legal Research – Every case demands an exhaustive understanding of relevant precedents, legislative intent, and judicial interpretations. Research forms the foundation of any successful litigation.
2. Calm & Composed Advocacy – Courtroom advocacy requires not just legal acumen but also the ability to present arguments persuasively, counter opposing counsel effectively, and maintain composure under intense judicial scrutiny.
3. Team Collaboration & Case Management – Handling government litigation requires a coordinated approach. I work closely with government departments, legal teams, and policy advisors to ensure comprehensive representation.
4. Strict Adherence to Legal Ethics – As a legal representative of the government, I uphold the highest ethical standards, ensuring that justice is served while safeguarding the interests of the state.
In summary, each case I handle is a learning experience, a test of legal acumen, and an opportunity to contribute to the legal system in a meaningful way.
Final Words
Law is not just a profession—it is a responsibility, a commitment to justice, and a continuous journey of learning. Throughout my career, I have learned that perseverance, dedication, and ethical advocacy are the hallmarks of a successful lawyer.
For aspiring legal professionals, I always emphasize: “Master your craft, stay updated with evolving jurisprudence, and above all, uphold the integrity of the legal profession.”
I Would like to thank my colleague Advocate Mohammed Nawaz Shariff, for his valuable assistance rendered in completion of the interview.
Having such immense experience in diverse fields, can you share the story behind your choosing law as a career and what kind of moments or experiences have motivated you to continue for almost two decades now?
Well, I think simply because one life is not enough for law. Every day passes by, and you know you have learned something new. There will not be a single day in this profession where you will not go to bed with a feeling that you have learned something new today. And yet when you try to ask yourself, do I really know the subject, the answer will definitely be no, because it’s vast, it’s huge, and it is dynamic.
For example, several of the subjects we practice today, we have not studied in law college. They are new to us, and we learn every day. And the profession, I mean, now, of course, there are various aspects. Once you have your law degree, there are various ways in which you can put your legal education to use. But even if we are just talking about litigation alone, every day you will learn something new. I have been doing this for almost two decades, as you rightly pointed out, but there are still so many areas of law that are new to me, and I’m still looking for an opportunity to learn and grab that.
So I think that’s the romance of law. That’s the whole idea and the fun of being a lawyer: you learn every day. I mean, look at it like this — suppose I were in a different profession, you would have called me a middle-aged woman, but I’m a toddler in the profession still. We have a very long professional life that keeps us young and alive, and that’s the beauty of the profession. That’s why it’s all worth it. When we were in school, the usual thing was that if you’re a good student, you would study science. So, I also wanted to believe that I was a good student. I took maths with biology as a subject in class 12, which clearly shows that I was confused and not very clear about what I wanted to do. But yes, everybody said, we have to now sit for the competitive exam. I had though had one advantage, my parents had studied law. And I think by far, I have, in that sense, inherited my father’s passion for law, for the subject. So, I remember my evenings were earmarked for me with my father. And once, where I think what sparked the interest was when I was in class 7th or 6th, my father was reading Lord Denning’s closing chapter. And he would come back, and, you know, I still have a very vivid memory of the time he would spend with me asking me what I was doing. He would sit on the corner of a sofa and just sit with a book, and perhaps he was so engrossed in reading it.
I thought, who is this bald man who has eaten up all my time? I wanted to know who this bald man was, not knowing that who actually Lord Denning was. And that’s where I started actually going through his books and all. So, very often it happens that we are interested in, or we choose a field because we have a role model, and we want to become something, we want to become a lawyer. So, we want to study law. In my case, it was the other way around. I was so confused about what I wanted to study and what I really enjoyed reading. Today, I am able to articulate it, but when I was a young girl, I had difficulty in articulating or understanding my own interest.
So, while I was interested in stories, history, and all sorts of books around me, when I looked at even science subjects like Math, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, the ones I was reading to score marks, it was more out of a curious interest. My hobby or the time when I had to recreate or my leisure was all filled with all kinds of books. My father once pointed out to me that, “Look here, this is your bent of mind. This is what you should look at making your profession.” So I would write poems, I would read poems, I would do things, but I was really never able to understand it. And as I was telling you, I did clear an engineering entrance exam.
And a day before I cleared, and interestingly, when we were in school, the whole quest about getting into a law college — there weren’t so many law colleges then — and my father is the old-world person in that sense of the term, believing that if you want to study law, you should have certain maturity. He says, “You can’t teach fundamental rights to a 17-year-old boy.” That’s how he looked at it. So, when I first started expressing myself that I wanted to study law, my father was of the view that I should do a graduation program in any subject I wanted and then take up a three-year law course. Because, as he still believed, how could a 16-year-old person understand jurisprudence or what is a fundamental right? And he would always tell me, “To understand the right to life, you have to live a life.”
There were some five-year law colleges that had come up. So, I finally managed to convince my father to let me sit for an entrance exam. Or, if I can recollect correctly, there was National Law School, Bangalore, which I could not appear for because by the time I convinced my father, the dates had closed. So, the only entrance exam I took was for Symbiosis. In those days, there was only one Symbiosis, which was in Pune and affiliated with Pune University. It wasn’t even a deemed university then. I remember I had my entrance exam at Teen Murti Bhavan, and I enjoyed the entrance exam like anything. I knew the answers at the back of my hand.
See, Maths, Physics, those legal deductions, when you were studying Math in class 12, were like baby steps. It wasn’t difficult at all. General knowledge — I realized that’s where I really understood that I knew almost everything. For example, there was this question, “What does Parliament consist of?” I knew that it was Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, and the president. There were questions on legal news and current affairs, and I knew all of that. I remember when my name came up, I was at serial number eight on the list.
So, when I went to my father and said, “Let’s go for this,” and that’s where my mentor, Dr. Akilen Pandey, played a very important role in my final decision. Because, all said and done, even in those days, someone would call you a fool for giving up engineering and studying law. But I was glad I was surrounded by people passionate about law, who were able to guide me and show me how beautiful the subject was. And once I was in college, I remember after the first class, I called up my father and said, “I finally know what I’m going to study for the rest of my life.” My soul had found its place. So, for me, it was more about the passion for law. Even today, you know, while I am a lawyer, I practice law in court, it’s not about what I want to become; it’s always the subject that is the core of everything I do. It’s the love for the subject that takes precedence over everything else.
I enjoyed it, actually. You know, there are two exams that I enjoyed thoroughly. One was my law entrance and the other was my advocate-on-record exam. Even if a bomb would have dropped outside, I would have cared less. I would have perhaps continued participating in the process.
Ma’am, at the very start of your career, you had the option of joining esteemed advocates like Advocate Gopal Subramanium. How did that experience shape your approach towards law, your research, and the way you work today?
You know, the most important thing in a lawyer’s life is the chamber they start from. I had been exceptionally blessed because of the people I worked with, particularly in the initial years. In our profession, we say that the horse is from which stable—that’s your genealogy, your pedigree. And I am very lucky in that way because that’s what shapes you. On the face of it, it may look like we were just assisting them, but the relationship between a senior and junior is very much like a parent and child.
When you are a baby, you hate everything that your parents say. You disagree with them. You don’t understand why they’re doing something. Sometimes, you find them irrational. But as you grow up, you begin to realize why they behave the way they do. And to your nightmare, you’ll realize that you’ve also turned into them.
So, in a way, there are things, like for example, Mr. Subramanium’s chamber — I can bet you, you go to any junior who has come from that office, you will see we all have a style of preparing a note that we take to court. This is the note we used to prepare for sir. I still don’t know how to read a file or go to court without a note in my hand. Now, of course, my notes have shifted to electronic notes, but even today, while I use LiquidText and its features, I still make my note. All my files have a note. It’s a very typical thing, and I can bet any junior today from Mr. Subramanium’s chamber would not have a note in their file. We don’t know how to read our files without the note.
So, it’s like I just said, this is one thing we’ve all imbibed. We’ve all imbibed certain traits, the way we work, the way we think. For example, Mr. Subramanium was an early riser. He would start early in the morning. Now, most offices work late into the night. I have, by default, become an early morning person. I can start early because he worked that way. So we got acclimatized to the way he worked.
Those things you may not realize like I didn’t realize it for a very long time, but now, when I sit back and reflect, I think I’m always more comfortable starting early rather than doing something late at night. I like to read my files, revise them early in the morning, or have a meeting with clients in the morning rather than late at night.
So, it defines almost everything. And it’s not just the people you work with — we also have the benefit of working with some of the stalwarts in the profession, assisting them. Every time we assist them, there’s something you learn from them. By just observing them, watching them. If you ask me, the person who actually teaches you the law is the judge sitting on the other side. That person, and if you want to learn the procedure, the person sitting in the registry will teach you the procedure. So, these two people are actually our gurus in that sense, because we learn while interacting with them. They are the best teachers, actually. The judges are the best teachers in that sense.
Ma’am, you practically take out all that guru factor from everywhere you go—from the registry to judges, to even your juniors, and seniors. Obviously, everyone has their own style. How did you choose your style, and when did you decide to start your own practice? What kind of motivation was behind all of it? Because it’s not always easy, I would say, to make the decision to go independent and start a whole firm for yourself. When and how did you decide to take that step?
So, there wasn’t a particular moment when I decided. I started working at my first chamber, which was an advocate-on-record’s chamber. I had the advantage of being clear in my head that if I wanted to practice in the Supreme Court, I needed to become an advocate-on-record (AOR).
I knew it would take me five years, but effectively six, because our results in Pune University were declared in June, so by the time we got our certificates and enrolled, it was July. The AOR rule requires you to complete one year of training after four years of enrollment before taking the AOR exam. For us, post-April enrollments meant an additional year, so it became a six-year process for me. I started preparing for the AOR exam during this time.
My journey began in the chamber of an advocate-on-record. After that, I got an opportunity to work with Mr. Subramanium. Back then, he was Solicitor General, and his practice was focused entirely on Supreme Court work. I worked with him for a while, but the exposure I gained was mainly in the Supreme Court.
By 2009, after three years of practice, I realized I had zero experience in original side work, trial courts, or High Courts. The only forum I’d worked in was the Supreme Court. However, being based in Delhi, I had the advantage of having access to various courts and tribunals, and I was eager to learn. I started taking up work from different people and assisting whenever I could in trial courts, learning things I hadn’t done before, like drafting plaints.
Then, Mr. Sanjay Ghosh came into the picture, and his practice in the High Court gave me my first exposure to original side work. I also started volunteering for arbitration proceedings, marking them on my calendar and following them as if they were my own cases, even though I had no client or fee.
By the time I became an AOR, I had some matters here and there. But once I passed the exam, my practice truly began to take off. One major benefit of being an AOR is the liberty it offers—you can take on a case pro bono and still handle everything, from drafting to arguing, without needing to depend on anyone else. This flexibility allowed me to build a practice independently and create opportunities for myself.
Ma’am, there are times when people question this aspect as well that if you keep doing things for free, when will you start charging? I’m just stating what has often been said. How have you navigated such challenges and strategized your practice? What suggestions would you have for newcomers or people who want to create their own path? You’ve worked in such diverse areas like service laws, company laws, taxation, civil, constitutional law, etc. How have you managed all of that?
One of the best strategies is not to let an opportunity slip by, even if it seems like something that cannot be monetized immediately. Sometimes, what appears to be free work today can translate into valuable opportunities later.
For example, when the Sexual Harassment Act was passed in 2013, many organizations struggled to set up their sexual harassment committees. Some of my clients from PSUs reached out to me for advice, and though I didn’t charge for it initially, I helped them understand the new rules and how to form committees. It seemed like free work at the time, but it eventually led to more billable work, and what started as a small thing turned into a significant opportunity.
It’s important to note that this doesn’t mean you should work for free indefinitely. In fact, it’s essential to know your worth and charge for your time when it’s appropriate. But early in your career, you must recognize that sometimes giving away a bit of your expertise for free can build trust and open doors.
For instance, my pro bono work with the All India Judges Association started in 2014. Although I wasn’t paid, that work led to other opportunities. Similarly, the work I did for free or at a minimal rate built a foundation for my practice to grow.
The key here is not to have a myopic view of your career. Understand that, as a lawyer, you are not an employee. You are an entrepreneur. It’s different from a regular job where you can clock in and clock out. As a lawyer, particularly if you’re aiming to be an arguing counsel, you need to realize that you’re in charge of your own success.
Once you understand this, everything becomes easier. You won’t get caught up in the conventional expectations of time sheets or packages. You’ll embrace the ups and downs of the profession because you’re building your own practice, and that mindset will ultimately make the journey smoother.
Ma’am, you have also been involved in a lot of gender awareness initiatives, especially your role in the internal complaint committee under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act and your position as an external member for organizations such as Rashtrapati Bhavan. What kind of challenges do you face when addressing gender sensitization issues, particularly concerning sexual harassment prevention? How do you assist or advocate for individuals in overcoming these issues, especially with more women entering the workforce in various environments? How have you addressed these challenges under your supervision?
There are two main aspects to the work I’ve done. First, gender sensitization is a subject I’m deeply passionate about. In fact, I’m currently pursuing a PhD in feminist jurisprudence, an area of growing interest for me as I continue working on these issues. I’ve had the opportunity to engage with this law in three capacities: as a lawyer, where I represent clients in court; as a member of an internal committee, adjudicating complaints under the law; and through conducting awareness workshops, which I love doing. These workshops have been conducted in various institutions, each with its own unique challenges.
One of the biggest challenges is that, as a country, we’re still not entirely clear on what constitutes sexual harassment from a legal standpoint. For example, the Vishakha guidelines were established in 1997, and although the 2013 Act is essentially a continuation of those principles, the law remains quite skeletal. It states that sexual harassment includes any unwelcome advance, but what qualifies as an advance is not clearly defined. In the virtual world, what might be considered a form of sexual harassment could be something as simple as sending a WhatsApp message or insisting on a cup of tea when someone is uncomfortable. It’s unclear how these actions should be categorized.
Another issue is the diversity of workplaces – the law applies to a law firm, a school, a multinational company, and even Anganwadi workers, each with distinct sensitivities. For example, in multinational companies, a simple gesture like a peck on the cheek may not be seen as problematic, but in other workplaces, it may be inappropriate. So, determining where the line is between workplace conflict and sexual harassment is often not easy. The definition of sexual harassment is still a point of confusion, even within legal circles.
I’ll give you an example. In 2015, the Ministry of Women and Child Development came out with a handbook categorizing various incidents as “sexual harassment,” “may or may not be,” or “definitely not.” However, this handbook is just a guide and not legally binding. So, even though it can help, it still leaves room for confusion in how to conduct inquiries and address harassment cases.
A particularly common mistake is when people try to substitute their own sensibilities for the person making the complaint. For example, if a woman reports that a man tried to touch her, a person might dismiss it as just a handshake. But we need to understand whether the person making the complaint is genuinely uncomfortable with it. This has been a difficult concept for many, including judges, to grasp. The challenge is to put aside your own sensibilities and view the case from the perspective of the individual making the complaint. We need to ensure we’re not dismissing their feelings just because we would have acted differently. It’s essential to have training that allows us to understand these issues in layman’s terms so that people can really apply these systems with clarity.
Ma’am, you’ve stated that you’ve gone paperless and, in your words, you’ve become a semi-technology-equipped lawyer. With more of our lives going online, such as court appearances and meetings, do you think we’re addressing online harassment in the same way we’re addressing physical harassment? In particular, the psychological impact of online harassment, which can be unforeseen, and what steps are being taken to address that?
That’s a great question. In fact, Rajasthan High Court recently ruled that the concept of “workplace” under the Sexual Harassment Act should also apply to virtual spaces. This means that online meetings and virtual workplaces are covered under the Act, which is a step in the right direction. The issue is now clear: even online harassment is covered. There’s also international precedent, with countries like Australia issuing similar guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many organizations have updated their sexual harassment policies to ensure that online platforms, emails, and WhatsApp groups are covered.
The challenge is that people often still don’t recognize that online harassment exists. It’s difficult for many to comprehend that harassment can happen without any physical contact. Even in situations where we’re having a conversation online, harassment can occur. That’s why sensitization is so important. People need to understand that harassment isn’t just about physical actions—it’s about respecting another person’s comfort level.
It’s also crucial to recognize that sexual harassment doesn’t always involve a clear sexual offense. Many people confuse harassment with sexual offenses, simply because the word “sexual” is involved. Some individuals believe that their actions, such as making a comment or joking, are harmless because they don’t intend to cause harm. But it’s not about intentions; it’s about whether the other person feels uncomfortable. Understanding each other’s sensibilities is key to creating a respectful environment, whether online or offline.
Ma’am, balancing your roles as an advocate, faculty member, and the head of your law firm is incredibly demanding. There’s also the aspect of mental health in this profession, something that isn’t often discussed. How do you manage to balance all of these responsibilities? What advice would you give to young professionals entering this field, which is both demanding and stressful?
You’ve raised an important issue. The most important thing for a successful lawyer is good mental health, but we don’t talk about it enough. As lawyers, people come to us with problems—emotional, financial, personal—and we bear that burden too. Balancing all the different roles you mentioned requires resilience. For me, it’s essential to find time to laugh, stay positive, and not get overwhelmed. Burnout is a real issue, especially with the long hours we often work. Many of my students, after about 10 years in practice, experience this burnout.
The first thing I would advise young professionals is to pay attention to your health—both mental and physical. Don’t skip meals, don’t compromise on sleep, and make sure you’re doing something that rejuvenates you, whether it’s exercise, reading, or even just watching a movie. I often ask my interns when the last time was that they went out for dinner or watched a movie. Many of them are so stressed out they don’t even want to talk about it. It’s important to take a step back and realize that life isn’t just about work.
As women in this profession, there’s also the issue of “pipeline leakage,” where many women drop out between the ages of 30 and 45, especially when they’re balancing career and family life. It’s a challenging time, and the profession doesn’t always make it easy. But for me, having a supportive environment at home has been a huge privilege. I live with people who are gender-neutral and more progressive than I could ever claim to be, which makes a huge difference.
I always tell young lawyers that there’s no rush. The profession is long, and you don’t need to achieve everything by the age of 30 or 35. Take care of your mental and physical health, and enjoy what you do. If you enjoy your work, it won’t feel like a burden.
Ultimately, work-life balance is individual. Everyone has their own version of balance, and you have to find what works for you. For me, teaching gives me a different perspective and rejuvenates me to come back to my litigation work. So, I stay busy, but I enjoy everything I do. And that’s the key: to find joy in your work and make time for fun along the way.
Reflecting on your extensive experience, what inspired you to pursue a career in law, despite not coming from a legal background? What motivated your decision to choose the Army Institute of Law for your studies? How did your time there shape your understanding of the law, and how did the integration of Army discipline with legal education influence your approach to practicing law?
The charm of uniformed service is unmatched. My grandfather was in the Police, and my father was in the Army. Litigation provides an opportunity to wear the band and gown, with no retirement age, and experience the thrill of a duel in an arena while cross-examining a witness, advancing final arguments, and even playing war games with the applications filed in a case! I was inspired to have such a way of life.
Army Institute of Law (AIL) offered a 5 year integrated law course. It was a residential Institute with a focus on sports, extracurricular activities, internships, and studies. Being from an Army background, I was certain AIL would nurture the students well.
I was told in the first year itself that one is wedded to law! Being a residential institute, the Professors acted as our guardians and guided us in all walks of life. We were asked to develop the habit of going through the latest law journals which made us understand the divergent views argued and a reasoned judgment on the subject. Moot Court Competitions were another aspect that was extensively undertaken in AIL.
The study of law with its application makes it more interesting. Discipline is a common feature in the Army and Law and AIL made us disciplined. The basic traits of being punctual, and being courteous to the Judge as well as the opposite counsel aids in daily practice. The art of advancing arguments is to throw light, not heat, which I learned from the Moot Court Competitions.
During your time in law school, you completed numerous internships. What were the most valuable lessons you learned from these experiences, and how did they help you build a strong foundation as you transitioned into real-world legal practice?
Internships are important to enable the student to see the diverse fields of law, be it litigation, working in a law firm, or taking teaching as a profession. Internships are a distinct feature on a CV and may enable a student to secure a placement.
My internships provided great learning experiences and helped me build valuable connections. My first internship was under Mr. R. Venkatramani who is the present Attorney General of India. I had the opportunity to witness the hearings in the Supreme Court during my first internship.
However, to gain exposure, I also interned with Titus and Co., Lall and Sethi, Singhania and Co., Juris Consultants, and the “Indian Society of International Law”.
What were your early experiences like working at a top-tier firm? What key lessons did you learn there, and how did those experiences shape the direction of your career?
I was fortunate to get placed in one of the best law firms, Remfry & Sagar. Late Dr. Sagar, the founder of the firm, valued the time of associates, and the firm’s working hours were 9 AM to 5:30 PM, with weekends off. The associates focused and worked diligently during this time rather than the practice in some firms where late evenings are usually spent in the Office.
It was a great experience to work with foreign clients and MNCs, I recall Japanese clients being the most punctual in conferences and responding to queries immediately. Needless to say, such clients expected a similar swift response.
I realized that the best a lawyer can ensure is punctuality and diligence toward the case entrusted by the client. Even in case of an adverse order, many clients retain the same lawyer to challenge the impugned order or judgment because they have witnessed the lawyer’s diligent work.
What motivated your decision to transition from working at a top-tier firm to starting your own independent practice? Given the stability of your previous role, what factors influenced this significant decision? Additionally, litigation is often described as thrilling and unpredictable. What aspects of litigation excite you the most, and how do you prepare for its inherent unpredictability?
It was a good experience to sit comfortably in the Ivory Tower and work for foreign clients. I learned a lot about Intellectual Property Rights. Mr. Ashwin Julka, who was the Managing Partner of the firm, trained me well both in the field of law and the art of dealing with clients.
However, I missed the thrill and charm of going to the Court on a daily basis and dealing with different subjects of law. I felt that a lawyer, just like an actor, should not confine themselves to limited roles! One should seek challenging roles as well and the focus should be on learning diverse subjects of law.
I started my Advocate-on-Record (AoR) training under the Late Mr. Satya Mitra Garg and Mr. Ashok Panigrahi who had worked in the Chamber of Venkatramani Sir previously. You may just consider how immense internships maybe even after several years of practice.
The thrill of a gladiator in litigation comes with some uncertainty. However, the law of averages aids a lawyer, and with grit, strategic patience, and proper networking, one can overcome the cloud of uncertainty.
How did your training under various Senior Advocates equip you for the demanding role of an Advocate-on-Record (AoR)? What were some of the major challenges you encountered in the early stages of your practice, and how did you navigate those obstacles?
In my training days, I drafted petitions concerning diverse fields of law which were either argued by the AoR or a Senior Advocate. As a lawyer, one realized that once a petition is filed, the scope of argument is limited to the grounds raised, and hence drafting a petition well was crucial, and annexing relevant annexures was important. That apart, it was essential to be privy to the Supreme Court Rules, leading cases as well as the latest Supreme Court Cases.
The challenge faced in the initial days of independent practice relates to getting clients. I realized that an invisible highway must be built for cases to flow from the respective High Courts and Tribunals. I built a decent network of connections – from lawyers who graduated from AIL to people I interned with. I was helped by Justice Manmeet Arora (then a lawyer), Abhijat Sir, and Ronny Sir in the initial years of my independent practice.
What led you to specialize in Arbitration, and what makes this area of law distinct in terms of its challenges compared to others? Could you share an example of a particularly challenging arbitration case you worked on, and how you prepared for it?
The time frame for making the Award under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 is one year from the date of completion of pleadings and the scope of appeal is limited. Therefore, the Arbitration clause is one of the essential elements incorporated in most of the contracts between the parties inter se. Time is of the essence when filing and conducting cross-examinations in arbitration cases, and seeking an adjournment is akin to committing a sin!
One of the important Arbitration cases was regarding the denial of payment and the imposition of huge penalties which were imposed clandestinely. Since the other side failed to appoint an Arbitrator, the High Court appointed an Arbitrator.
It is said that “The truth is often shielded by layers of lies”. The other side filed an application seeking that the claims were fraudulent and hence it was out of the purview of the Arbitration proceedings. We countered by relying upon the wide definition of Section 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 which encompasses the alleged fraud as well. The judgment of Avitel Post Studioz Ltd. & Ors. v HSBC Pi Holdings (Mauritius) Ltd. was relied upon by us. The Arbitrator was pleased to dismiss the application with costs.
Interestingly, extensions of the contract were given by the other side. On this aspect, the concerned witness from the other side was cross-examined in detail. After some detailed cross-examination, the concerned witness admitted that extensions were due to the satisfactory services and after compliance with the terms and conditions of the contract. Concerning the issue of penalty, the other side was directed to produce the computation of the penalties as not even a Show Cause Notice was issued. We were able to demonstrate that the other side acted as an emperor with scant regard for the principles of natural justice. Furthermore, the quantum of penalty, though stipulated in the agreement, was excessive, burdensome, coercive, and against the principles of law contained inSection 74 of the Indian Contract Act, of 1872. The judgments of Fateh Chand v. Bal Kishan Das and Kailash Nath Associates v DDAwere relied upon by us.
The Arbitral Tribunal was pleased to award the amount due without any penalty along with interest and legal costs.
Being an AoR and handling your Chambers, you must carry significant responsibilities. How do you manage these responsibilities, and what strategies do you employ to unwind and relax after a long, stressful day?
An AoR has to be present in all the proceedings and even the SLP and applications are signed by the AoR, barring the affidavits. The SLP and applications have to be read diligently before filing and I ensure to attend all the proceedings. This has become easier with the online hearings and even the filings are online.
I am an avid golfer and do happen to meet different players on the Golf Course. Golf is a social game, so networking is natural. An opponent or a teammate in a game today turns out to be my client tomorrow! I would advise lawyers to pick up any one sport. Apart from health, it may be good for wealth, too!
Making the transition to litigation, especially after having a stable job, requires great courage. What advice would you give to law students who are currently navigating their legal journey and aspire to excel in the field? Furthermore, what resources would you recommend to keep them updated on the latest developments, particularly in arbitration law?
I concede that the initial days in litigation do not appear stable. However, in the long run, the life of an Independent lawyer is stable with no fear of losing a job! If that invisible highway is maintained well, cases are bound to travel from the respective High Courts.
My advice to students is to undertake diverse internships and start building connections from their first internship. Secondly, reading the latest law journals is another habit that would aid. In the field of Arbitration, the Indian Contract Act, of 1872 may be studied in detail and one may witness the proceedings in a Commercial Court.
Looking back at your journey from law school to becoming an Advocate-on-Record in the Supreme Court, how would you describe your evolution as a legal professional? What key qualities do you believe a law student should possess if they wish to become an AoR and succeed in litigation?
One has to be agile to adapt to the changing times in the legal profession. The online filings and online hearings sounded unreal pre-COVID time but have now become the norm. In the initial days, all the cases were undertaken by me but now one may weigh the cases and stop counting. In the legal profession, having a student mentality is essential and I don’t hesitate to learn something from my colleague or an intern who has researched well on the subject.
With sincerity, focus, and training for one year, it is not difficult to become an AoR. To excel in the legal profession, develop deep and unwavering commitment. Being an independent lawyer is a superpower – you would be a master of your time!
Lastly, Litigation is like planting a mango tree, which requires time for the tree to bear fruit. Do not compare such a tree with a plant whose flowers bloom within a month and wither away in a few days! Furthermore, the field of litigation is like a pyramid with limited competition at the top! With sincerity and focus any lawyer may reach the top.
You have a varied educational background, beginning with a B.A. from Delhi University and later pursuing a law degree at Law College Dehradun. What prompted you to transition to a career in law?
My journey from Delhi University to Law College Dehradun was driven by a deep-seated desire to make a meaningful impact on society. While pursuing my B.A., I was captivated by the dynamics of governance, human rights, and justice systems. Law became the natural path to combine my academic interests with my aspiration to serve. It’s a profession that allows you to challenge societal injustices while empowering others—a responsibility I have always embraced with great passion.
You have worked as an Advocate and Legal Researcher in various courts in Delhi and Haryana, as well as with the Human Rights Commission, Tribunals, and Consumer Forums during your initial years of practice. What were the key learning experiences that shaped your career?
Those early years were transformative. Working across courts, commissions, and tribunals taught me the power of resilience, precision, and empathy in legal practice. I learned that every case, no matter how small, represents a life impacted by law. From drafting intricate arguments to navigating complex human rights cases, each experience honed my ability to analyze issues critically and offer pragmatic solutions. These formative years also reinforced my commitment to justice as more than a principle—it became my purpose.
You served as the Court Manager and CPIO at the National Green Tribunal (NGT) for six years. Could you share with our readers how you obtained that role and what your experiences were like working for a government organisation like the NGT?
My role at the NGT was a significant milestone. I was selected based on my judicial experience and my proficiency in legal administration. At the NGT, I had the privilege of streamlining court operations, managing Right to Information (RTI) requests, and contributing to the Tribunal’s mission of ensuring environmental justice. Working in a government organization taught me the value of efficiency, collaboration, and innovation in addressing urgent environmental issues. It was a rare opportunity to be at the intersection of law, governance, and sustainability.
With 14 years of diverse experience across various fields, you have also worked as a Teaching Associate (Law) at LBSNAA in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand. What inspired you to pursue a career in academia, and do you have plans to return to teaching in the future?
Academia is where knowledge meets inspiration. My tenure at LBSNAA allowed me to shape the legal perspective of future civil servants, which was immensely rewarding. Teaching is a two-way process—you give, but you also learn. It inspired me to think deeply about the evolution of law and its practical application. While my current focus is legal practice, I remain passionate about academia and hope to return to teaching, as empowering young minds is one of the most impactful ways to contribute to society.
Could you share your preparation strategies that helped you crack the Rajasthan Judicial Services Exam and become a Civil Judge and Metropolitan Magistrate?
Success in judicial services exams is not about rote memorization but mastering the art of analysis. I approached my preparation with a structured plan, focusing on understanding core legal concepts, landmark judgments, and procedural nuances. Consistent revisions, daily answer writing, and solving previous years’ papers were my pillars of preparation. I also cultivated a habit of staying updated with contemporary legal developments, as awareness of real-world issues is crucial for anyone aspiring to the judiciary.
Serving as a Judicial Officer in the Rajasthan Judicial Services must have been a challenging role, dealing with various court-related matters. What was the most challenging experience in that position of authority that you’d like to share with our readers?
One of the most profound challenges I faced was adjudicating emotionally charged family disputes. These cases are not just about applying laws; they require a delicate balance of empathy, fairness, and legal reasoning. As a Judicial Officer, every decision carries immense weight, impacting lives and shaping perceptions of justice. Those moments taught me the true meaning of responsibility and the need to approach every case with integrity and compassion.
After working as a Judicial Officer for three years, what led you to leave the Judicial Services to establish your own practice at the Supreme Court, handling civil, criminal, and service matters?
My transition from the judiciary to independent practice was guided by a desire to explore broader legal challenges and contribute to precedent-setting cases. The judiciary taught me the importance of impartiality and due process, which I now bring to my practice at the Supreme Court. Handling civil, criminal, and service matters allows me to address complex legal issues while advocating for justice on behalf of individuals and institutions alike. This shift has been deeply fulfilling, as it allows me to combine my judicial insights with advocacy.
What advice would you give to young aspirants who wish to pursue a successful career in law and Judicial Services?
To all aspiring lawyers and judicial officers: Stay curious, stay committed, and never lose sight of your purpose. Master the fundamentals of law, but also nurture qualities like resilience, empathy, and adaptability. For judicial aspirants, focus on clarity of concepts, regular practice, and an unwavering belief in yourself. Remember, this profession demands hard work, but it also offers unparalleled opportunities to make a difference. Always strive to serve justice with integrity, and success will follow.
What initially inspired you to pursue a career in law? Were there specific factors that shaped your decision?
The decision to pursue law was driven by a confluence of personal experiences and values. Coming from a family where integrity and public service were paramount, I grew up watching my father, Chaudhary Veer Singh, uphold honesty and credibility in every aspect of life. His example instilled in me a desire to pursue a career that could make a meaningful impact on society.
During my tenure as Executive Counsellor in the Delhi University Students’ Union (2003–2004), I encountered the real-world challenges of governance and conflict resolution.I saw firsthand how law plays a pivotal role in addressing grievances and maintaining order. Advocating for students’ rights and negotiating with authorities underscored the importance of the law as a tool for empowerment. These formative experiences, coupled with a desire to address societal inequities, solidified my commitment to the legal profession. I realised that law is not just a profession but a tool for creating meaningful change and that realisation became the foundation of my career.
What pivotal moments helped develop your legal knowledge and skills early on? Did you face any significant challenges?
Working with seasoned lawyer Sh Charan Singh Verma in District Court, Saket was what laid the foundation of my career but the most pivotal moment in my career was joining the cChambers of Advocate-on-Record Ankur Prakash in Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. His mentorship was instrumental in shaping my understanding of Supreme Court practice. Under his guidance, I learned the art of drafting pleadings, including special leave petitions, writ petitions, and counter-affidavits. His insistence on precision and thorough research helped me develop a strong foundation in procedural law.
A particularly defining experience was assisting him in a complex constitutional matter that required interpreting conflicting statutes. Through his mentorship, I gained not only technical skills but also the confidence to handle high-pressure situations. Challenges during this period included managing tight deadlines and navigating the intricacies of Supreme Court practice. However, these experiences laid the groundwork for my future success as an independent practitioner.
What prompted you to establish your own practice, and what initial challenges did you face?
After years of learning under my senior/ mentor I felt a strong desire to create my own professional identity. Working with mentors like Ankur Prakash gave me the skills and confidence to start my practice. I wanted to take ownership of my career and build a legacy of trust and excellence in the legal field. Establishing my practice allowed me to work on cases that aligned with my values and aspirations.
The initial challenges were significant—building a client base, gaining recognition in a competitive environment, and managing operational responsibilities were all daunting. However, the lessons I learned under my mentors proved invaluable. For example, in one of my early independent cases—a property dispute involving multiple parties—I applied the negotiation skills and strategic planning techniques I had observed during my time with my mentor. Successfully resolving the case helped establish my reputation and brought in more clients.
Could you share an example of a complex case you handled and how you resolved it successfully?
A particularly challenging case involved representing a government body in a constitutional matter where the validity of a state policy was questioned. Opposing counsel argued that the policy violated fundamental rights, making the case both high-stakes and politically sensitive.
Drawing on years of my experience with Ankur Prakash, I approached the case with meticulous preparation. I analysed the legislative history of the policy, collaborated with subject-matter experts, and prepared arguments that balanced individual rights with the policy’s public interest objectives. By presenting clear and well-supported arguments, I was able to secure a favourable judgment for my client. This case demonstrated the importance of combining legal expertise with strategic thinking and reinforced my belief in the power of collaboration.
What are your responsibilities as a Panel Lawyer for the State of Rajasthan and NBCC? What cases do you typically represent?
As a Panel Lawyer for the State of Rajasthan, I handle constitutional challenges, criminal & civil appeals, and administrative disputes. These cases often require balancing the state’s interests with broader public welfare considerations. For NBCC, my responsibilities include managing commercial disputes, advising on contractual obligations, and ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks.
My responsibilities include drafting pleadings, representing clients in the Supreme Court and providing legal advice on important issues. These roles require me to balance legal acumen with an understanding of policy implications. Ensuring that my clients interests are effectively represented in critical matters. These roles demand not only legal acumen but also strategic foresight, qualities I developed through years of experience and mentorship.
What motivates you to stay focused and driven, and how do you maintain a balance between work and personal life?
My motivation stems from a desire to make a tangible difference through my work. Every case is an opportunity to advocate for justice, contribute to governance, and create a positive impact. My long-term aspirations—to become one of India’s leading lawyers and a respected political figure—keep me focused on continuous improvement.
Balancing professional and personal life is challenging but essential. I prioritise spending time with my family and engaging in activities that refresh and inspire me. Personal time with family and moments of reflection are essential for maintaining perspective and energy. This balance not only keeps me grounded but also enhances my professional effectiveness.
How has your role as an Advocate-on-Record shaped your approach to handling complex matters in the Supreme Court?
Being an Advocate-on-Record has deepened my understanding of the procedural and substantive nuances of Supreme Court practice, it also demands accountability and precision. Handling cases before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has sharpened my ability to navigate procedural complexities and distill extensive case records into compelling arguments.
My time of association with Ankur Prakash prepared me for this responsibility by exposing me to high-profile cases and teaching me the importance of precision and accountability.
One unique challenge has been dealing with cases involving conflicting judicial precedents. These require innovative legal reasoning and persuasive articulation to guide the court toward a favourable interpretation. My approach involves detailed research, crafting concise submissions and anticipating questions from the bench to ensure comprehensive preparedness.
What advice would you offer to young lawyers starting out, especially those interested in both criminal and civil law?
I encourage young lawyers to focus on building a strong foundation in legal principles and honing their research skills. A criminal and civil law require different approaches – criminal law emphasises procedural precision, while civil law demands analytical reasoning and negotiation skills. Networking with peers and senior advocates is essential for gaining insights and opportunities.
Additionally, I cannot overstate the value of mentorship. My own experience with Ankur Prakash taught me that having a seasoned professional to guide and challenge you can accelerate your growth and open doors to new opportunities. I also advise young lawyers to embrace challenges, maintain ethical integrity and cultivate resilience. Success in the legal profession is a marathon, not a sprint and consistent effort over time is the key to growth which requires perseverance, and early struggles are stepping stones to long-term achievements.
How do you prepare for high-pressure legal proceedings, and what strategies do you use for effective advocacy?
Preparation begins with a comprehensive review of the case file and identifying key issues. I invest time in drafting concise submissions, researching precedents and anticipating counter arguments. Revising /rehearsing my submissions ensures clarity and confidence during hearings.
In high pressure situations, adaptability and presence of mind are critical. I focus on engaging with the court, addressing questions directly and presenting logical well structured arguments and maintaining composure. I view high pressure situations as opportunities to demonstrate my expertise and adaptability. Effective advocacy, in my view, is about crafting arguments that resonate with the court while addressing the clients objectives.
Coming from a science background, what experiences led you to pursue a career in law and ultimately gain admission to Symbiosis Law School, Pune?
In Tier II cities [like Bhopal], engineering and medical streams were the most sought after graduation qualifications. Going with the flow, I opted PCM as the stream in 11th & 12th standard and prepared extensively for competitive exams like IIT and AIEEE for two years. However, I realised that my core acumen is more suited for law where I can perform and achieve better as compared to hardcore technical streams like engineering. I found law to be attractive, expressive and more relatable. When I conveyed the same to my parents, they happily supported my decision and gave me free hand to do whatever I felt comfortable in life. My father, who himself was heading the Editorial department at a PSU and an avid reader, knew that the legal profession is a dignified and respectable profession, and motivated me to take the chance at law, though a less opted path at that time. On a lighter note, 3 Idiots was also released in 2009 and it gave a clear message that unless you are a Rancho, it is okay to go for course correction like Farhan or Rastogi, so I also had some kind of validation for taking a leap of faith. In 2010, I appeared for various Law Entrance Examinations and cleared Symbiosis Entrance Test [SET] with AIR 49. I happily joined Symbiosis Law School, Pune which was the best decision of my life.
How was your experience working at three tax law firms in New Delhi? What influenced your decision to specialize in Tax Law, and what early experiences helped deepen your understanding of the legal field?
As a law student, I didn’t have many things under control such as choice of internships and specific teams where I wanted to intern. The foundation of one’s inclination towards a specific field of law is built through the work done during law school such as moots, research papers etc.
My influence towards the tax laws began when I participated and won the Nani Palkhivala Research Paper Competition in 2013 [3rd year of Law School] on ‘Advance Pricing Agreements’ [International Taxation]. At the prize distribution event [in GLC Mumbai] I had the privilege to briefly interact with Retd. Justice Sanklecha [Heading the tax roster bench of Bombay High Court at that time] and Sr Adv. Soli Dastur [a doyen in Bombay High Court tax circle] who motivated me to explore tax practice in future. However, I never had any exposure to tax laws at that time. Out of my 11 internships during law school, I then interned for more than 4 months in PDS Legal Bombay to understand the aspects of ‘direct tax litigation’ under Mr Nishant Thakkar and Ms. Jasmin Amalsadvala. During internships, I regularly attended proceedings before the Bombay High Court and observed many prominent seniors arguing the cases before the High Court. It was the exposure to Courtrooms during my internships that inspired me to become an arguing counsel. Though I got placed from College at a Company in Mumbai, I chose to go for tax litigation at Delhi.
In 2015 when I joined my first Firm [Reina Legal], I started practicing indirect tax litigation, which had a much wider base than direct tax litigation as Indirect taxation at that time covered laws like VAT, Service Tax, Excise, Customs etc.. My mentor Mr. Gajendra Maheshwari trained me from scratch and gave me arguing opportunities in tax matters before the Tribunals and High Courts which is quite rare in the current era. It was a rocket start for a fresher who was dreaming to become a litigator one day. He taught me things like a younger brother and corrected my mistakes with compassion.
When I joined Advaita Legal [best friend firm of KPMG] in 2017, I had the privilege to work with stalwarts of indirect taxes such as Mr. Sujit Ghosh [Now Sr. Adv, SC], Mr. A R Madhav Rao and Mr. Sudipta Bhattacharjee [now at Khaitan & Co.]. I learnt many new concepts while working under my seniors as to how a problem is approached and how a strategy is devised which brings a relief to the client. They were live databases of the jurisprudence on indirect taxation and taught me the foundation and history of each dispute. Tax disputes are as old as the laws are being in existence, thus the evolution of jurisprudence bears huge history.
Thereafter, I joined DMD Advocates [formerly Dutt and Menon] in 2019 where I joined the team of Mr. Tushar Jarwal. It was like working with Special Forces. One aim, no error was the policy. I was expected to prepare the matters within a limited time frame without compromising on quality. Working under Mr. Jarwal was more of a training of mind that every case has to be won at any cost and we have to give 200% to the case. The preparations for the matters were so thorough that there was no room for error, whatever may be the query which may come from the Hon’ble Bench or the opposite counsel. War scale preparation would be an appropriate description for the same. In my understanding, knowledge is something which one continues to gather and accumulates but the way of execution and getting results is something which changes your perception towards the work. This policy was applicable irrespective of worth of matter, whether it was a 10,000 crore tax dispute or a pro bono matter for a poor retired employee, mindset has to be the same. Discipline and devotion to work is something which I cherished in the team.
In nutshell, the experiences in the three firms developed my overall mindset and personality, be it knowledge or quick execution. It led to the creation of an independent human being and a lawyer who was ready to face the challenges in the coming future.
How briefing of Sr Counsels takes place in high stake tax matters? Having had the privilege to work with prominent senior counsels like Harish Salve, Arvind Datar, S Ganesh, N Venkatraman how did these experiences shape your approach to law? What valuable lessons have you learned from them that you apply in your own legal practice?
The fate of any case being weak or strong is based on its drafting and presentation of correct facts and law. But the magic comes when it is being argued by arguing counsels using their experience, court craft and convincing skills. At the High Court and Supreme Court, the stakes are usually high, and the drafting counsels usually try to incorporate all the legal arguments for their cases. On the other hand, Senior Advocates know that which precise legal point will turn the tides in Clients favour. This is a skill acquired by years of practice and there is no shortcut to it. The entire art before the Court is to present the most complex situation in simple words so that each and every person in the courtroom can understand and relate to it. It is the crystal clear presentation, in the shortest possible time, by Senior Advocates that makes them so special..
During briefing, the briefing counsels are expected to explain the entire case to the Seniors crisply so that they understand the issue and initiate their thought process. This involves preparation of comprehensive briefing notes and compilations for the Senior Advocates so that they can scan the relevant details and accurately present the case before the Court.
While working with some of the leading Senior Advocates I learnt that thinking out of the box is very relevant as the case may not be covered by any existing precedent and the Hon’ble Court is required to be persuaded in a manner which yields a positive outcome. The situation is more difficult when there are existing precedents but against us. In such situations, the burden is on us to distinguish and make out a case for the client. Further, I clearly learnt that every matter is build block by block and there is no jumping to the conclusion howsoever easy the issue may appear. The facts are analysed in detail and documented, the applicable laws are checked with amendments along with their legislative intent. Post this grounds and prayers are structured. If this foundation is strong then it becomes much easier to persuade the Hon’ble Court and results are better.
After gaining significant experience at various law firms, you chose to start your own practice. What prompted this decision, and as a first-generation lawyer, what challenges did you face in the early stages and how did you overcome them?
Independent practice arms a lawyer to drive a matter according to his own acumen, understanding and experience. Unlike a Firm structure where every step is scrutinised at multiple levels, such is not the case in independent practice. The entire responsibility is on your shoulder to take the case to its logical end. I chose independent practice as it gave me the stage to argue before the courts on an independent basis. The sooner you start the easier it is. I am not over quoting by making a reference to a movie named “The Judge” wherein Robert Downy Junior [& other lawyers] used to feel nauseous before each court hearing due to the extreme pressure of courtroom. Such situations are real because the Hon’ble Judges may ask questions from anywhere in the brief and it is on the arguing counsel’s shoulder to satisfy the queries of the judge. The stage fear is real till you get used to it. It is a dive which every aspiring litigation lawyer is required to take and believe me there is never a perfect time for the same.
Having worked with different distinguished lawyers in the industry, I was able to understand the pattern and art of executing a case from drafting to final arguments. In my previous firms I had handled complex tax litigations which prepared me to face any challenge which may come in future.
In initial years of independent practice you are one man army who will have to handle the drafting, filing, arguing, client handling etc. on your own. This is time consuming but necessary also. Another hurdle is the infrastructure which is required to operate a full time litigation chamber. But this is the time when your good deeds pay back. Your previous interns, colleagues, relatives refer you cases. Independent practice is one man show but built on many peoples support and trust based on you by well-wishers.
For freshers and aspiring independent litigators, the most important aspect in litigation is to not get demotivated and keep struggling. There will be days with no work but that time can be utilised in going to courts and networking. The Internet is free, one can write articles and keep his/her presence alive. The entire game of litigation is to never leave the game. There will be financial hit initially but if that period is crossed then you will realise that it is the best decision of life.
You successfully cleared the AOR exam in December 2022 on your first attempt, after studying a broad range of laws beyond tax. How does being an AOR impact your legal practice, and can you share some tips or tricks that you employed for clearing the exam for our readers?
Before preparing for the AOR examination, taxation law was my lifeline and core expertise. There was never any need to understand any other procedural laws like CPC or CRPC as Tax Adjudication system have their own hierarchy and own dispute resolution system. For example, adjudication starts with Commissioner, against which appeal goes to Commissioner (Appeals), followed by appeal in Tax tribunals and then to High Court and Supreme Court. The tax laws are code in itself and there is hardly any requirement to make reference outside such statutes.
On the other hand, the AOR examination is all about knowing the powers and limits of the Supreme Court. Such knowledge or procedure is an outcome of the Constitution, Supreme Court Rules, 2013 and the judicial precedents. The judicial precedents can be from any stream of law, for example a famous matrimonial disputes case laid down the jurisprudence on Review and Curative jurisdiction of Supreme Court [Rupa Ashok Hurra v Ashok Hurra]. A case of sexual offence on social worker, led to the laying down of guidelines for sexual harassment by Supreme Court expanding the scope of judicial activism [Vishakha v State of Rajasthan]. A case on Taxation on denatured alcohol led to the expansion of doctrine of prospective overruling [Synthetics and Chemicals v State of UP].
It is immaterial as to which area of law one had specialised before appearing for the AOR exam. One needs to know everything from the perspective of working for the Supreme Court. Bare minimum knowledge of each subject is necessary if one is aiming to appear for the AOR exam.
There are two cheat codes which I followed during my examination preparation as I only had three weeks to prepare due to my hectic schedule at the office. First, pattern of last five year question papers. And Second, lectures conducted by SC Registry and SCAORA. If one blindly follows these two methods then it is easy to decipher as to what are the expectations of the examination body. Since I had considerable experience in drafting SLPs, Writs before the Supreme Court during my tenure at previous firms, the drafting examination paper was not a big challenge.
After becoming an AOR, having read/acquainted with the major/relevant laws, I got the confidence to take up any matter and execute the same as the AOR examination preparation clears up your core concepts and builds your ability to think on first principles. Though, legal field is an ocean in itself, clearing the AOR exam gives a sense of confidence and completion.
Can you share one of the most fascinating cases you’ve worked on so far? How did you prepare for such a complex and intriguing case?
I have majorly represented companies before the High Courts and Supreme Court in tax matters. In such cases, human emotions are not involved and ultimately the companies are benefitted or take a hit as a ‘corporate entity’. However, when you deal with cases involving life and liberty of an individual, then the real heat is involved. A win or a loss strikes you personally as you tend to feel elated when the outcome is positive or you tend to feel guilty/sad when the outcome is negative. These emotions are very personal and impacts the mindset of a lawyer.
I recently did a pro bono case, wherein my house maid informed that her neighbour’s new born daughter is missing after being forcibly taken from her parent’s custody. The parents were labourers and uneducated and had been trapped in a child trafficking racket/syndicate. Neither the police nor any NGO was ready to provide any assistance to the poor parents. Everyone had a perception that parents are part of the racket and are equally guilty. Until I met the parents, I was also reluctant to take this case as my conscience was not allowing me to defend someone who is remotely involved in any form of child trafficking. However, when I met the parents, my views changed and I deciphered that it was a case not only involving a child trafficking racket but also a case of police brutality/custodial torture on parents who were victims in true sense. We immediately moved a habeas corpus petition before the Hon’ble High Court and got the matter listed on the same day. Subsequently, the 14 day old baby was traced and handed over to the parents. Parents were also given protection from police subject to their participation in the investigation. I learnt my lesson that as a lawyer having a pre conceived notion is not appropriate and one must perform his/her duty to defend its client. For me it was an emotional moment when I saw the baby girl being rescued who could not have survived without her mother. Sometimes the profession gives you the chance to become Sunny Deol [of Damini Movie] and you should never think twice to accept such a role. To rise and fight for the weak is what about legal profession is for.
With continuous reforms in Indian Taxation laws, how do you see the landscape evolving? How do you stay informed about the latest trends, particularly in taxation, and can you recommend any resources for our readers?
The concept of tax is simple. The government needs money to run the country. Tax statutes keep on evolving to tax such transactions which involve some sense of commerce or business. On the other hand, the assessee or the tax payer will always try to claim a benefit or rebate or deduction on such taxes. This fight is never ending. For example when crypto currencies or online gaming were introduced in the country the tax departments were quick enough to issue notices to levy GST on such transactions. It is at this point when the lawyers come into picture and question the procedures or the levy itself in light of the constitution and the applicable statute. Writs are filed under Article 226 of the Constitution to contest such demands and this cycle goes on. A tax lawyer is hired for the fact that the client may be saved from paying taxes but in accordance of the law and within legal mandates.
There are dedicated portals like taxsutra, taxmann, taxmanagementindia etc. which keep on sending the updates on a daily basis. When you are in practice, one can easily relate as to which update is relevant with respect to his/her brief. Also, these portals publish articles by industry professionals which keeps you updated about recent disputes and litigation.
Tax Law is a specialized field. What advice would you give to young, aspiring lawyers who wish to pursue a career in taxation?
Tax laws, though complex, ultimately test your reading and interpretational skills. Generally speaking, if a lawyer learns tax law in earlier stage of their career then he/she can read and interpret any other laws with less effort. For example when you have already completed a marathon then you will never find a 5K or 10K run a challenge. When you have already tackled the most complex statute you will find some ease in interpreting the other laws.
Some of the legendary lawyers in the history of Indian Legal System were/are primarily from tax background, such as Nani Palhivala, Harish Salve, Arvind Datar.
Balancing a demanding legal career with personal life can be challenging. How do you manage to maintain a healthy work-life balance while meeting the demands of your profession?
In the beginning of career, I used to work like a frontline soldier. I hardly cared about my health and routine and gave preference to myself only on Saturday and Sundays which were off days in Court. Those days also went in partying or meeting friends. However, after 6-7 years, this disbalance showed impact on health with weight gain and also high levels of stress and cholesterol. This reduced overall efficiency and had a deep impact on mind. The main issue with beginning any exercise is that if your mind is cluttered or stressed you will find exercising as a burden. Therefore, the first step I took was to reorganise my thought process and then started mild exercises at home. COVID 19 was an eye opener and made me think that if I am not exercising still, being at home then it is entirely my lack of motivation as I was anyway saving 2-3 hours of travelling in lockdown. Therefore, I gradually started challenging myself and started doing pushups. Began with 2-3 in a day to 100 pushups in a day. I started to monitor my heart using a smartwatch and started full-fledged gym. Now this has become a routine. Half of the day is already won when you achieve that adrenaline rush at Gym in the morning. I also play badminton on weekends which is an amazing way to hangout with friends and release stress.
However, sometimes when there are back to back hearings in Court across the week, this routine has to be moulded and I try to compensate by lifting some extra kilos on the weekends. On a lighter note, there are many seniors in the Supreme Court who run from court to court faster than the much younger generation. If you cannot keep up your pace with them at a younger age then it is high time to introspect your health.
Your extensive experience and diverse areas of practice are highly admirable. What motivated you to choose a career in law, and what factors influenced your decision to pursue this profession?
Choosing a career in law was a decision driven by both inspiration and a deep sense of purpose. Over the years, my journey in this profession has only deepened my appreciation for its intellectual rigor and dynamic nature. The legal field is an ever-evolving landscape, and even after a decade of practice, I find myself constantly learning and adapting. Whether it’s interpreting new statutes, analysing evolving precedents, or crafting arguments, the law demands a mindset that embraces lifelong growth and curiosity.
What continues to motivate me is the unparalleled opportunity to think critically, solve complex problems, and make a meaningful impact on society. The challenges posed by each case remind me of the importance of staying engaged, asking questions, and honing my skills. This profession is not just about mastering the law but about continuously striving to better understand its nuances and applications in a changing world. For me, the beauty of being a lawyer lies in the constant pursuit of excellence and the privilege of contributing to a profession that holds justice at its core.
After completing your Law degree, what led you to choose the University of Glasgow for your LL.M. in Intellectual Property and Digital Economy? What aspects of this specialization interested you, and how did the university’s teaching approach stand out to you?
After completing my 5 year course from Institute of Law, Nirma University, I started practising before the Rajasthan High Court and gained some valuable experience. It was during this time that I realised that it was the right time for me to devote some additional time towards academics. Since Intellectual Property was my major subject in law school and I had developed a peculiar interest in it I decided to look for universities offering post graduate degree course in this subject. A few major considerations for me while deciding the university were firstly of course the curriculum and the professors but as I started with my list of universities, apart from the above the next few considerations which came were the cost of living and the expenses to be incurred apart from the tuition fee. While I got offers from University of Manchester, Edinburgh and Warwick, I finally selected the University of Glasgow for it having the most advanced course module which dealt with Intellectual Property in Digital Economy. My course included subjects of brand protection, moral rights in copyright which was also the subject of my thesis at the University.
As far as the teaching pedagogy of the University of Glasgow I should admit that I was literally taken aback in the initial weeks as the classrooms were more of discussions where students coming from different backgrounds used to share their insights and their understanding of the subjects. The professors used to share articles and course materials beforehand and the classes usually happened in a manner where the floor was left open for discussion on the understanding of the subject and for sharing the analysis of the material. A significant part of the discussions in the class was having students from different backgrounds where they would shed light on the laws as in their respective countries. I had the privilege of discussing the Indian IP laws and I should say that some of our judgments particularly on fair use of copyrighted material specially course books and patents applications for generic medicine were quite a hit amongst the class. I believe the type of teaching approach followed at the University was absolutely outstanding as in most of the discussions there were no wrong answers, just observations, analysis and critiques by students which helps in gaining a new perspective, something which cannot be done if the classes are merely discussing the views of the authors.
As you were starting your career, what were some key experiences that served as valuable learning moments and have stayed with you throughout your journey?
When I had just begun my practise, a very kind senior of mine told me that as a lawyer, its your duty towards the client as well as the Court that you should always be thoroughly prepared, you should know the facts of the case, the applicable substantive and procedural laws and the relevant judgments on the subject. This commitment to diligence has been my guiding principle. One of the most valuable lessons I’ve gained is that no two cases are alike, and each case presents an opportunity to learn and grow. Whether it’s through direct mentorship, observing senior counsel in court, or engaging in discussions with colleagues, every experience has contributed to honing my legal acumen.
These experiences, coupled with the guidance from mentors, have shaped the lawyer I am today, and I continue to carry them with me in every matter I handle.
What inspired you to establish your own practice, Arcas Law? What were some of the early challenges you faced, and how did you overcome them?
This is something I believe every first generation lawyer dreams of the moment they enter the profession. I have been blessed to have worked with some of the most brilliant minds in this profession who were kind enough to not just help me grow but also taught me the nuances of practice of law and more than anything the art of advocacy. I truly and most humbly believe that having a good senior by your side is the single most important thing in this profession. There are numerous occasions where you just want someone to guide you to the right direction and that is what inspired me. I have been closely associated with people who I have seen working very hard in established law offices and firms and I have seen them set up their own offices and that just lit a spark in me that I too wanted to follow their path. Now that I think of it, I just wanted to be like them because I admired them so much.
Initially, yes there are few things which need attention and once you make the switch from being in an office to having your own office it is only then that you figure them out. I was lucky that my colleagues and staff were very accommodative and adjusted well to the change. From day one in our office we had a few ground rules which I carried forward from my previous office where the work is aptly delegated and divided amongst the staff, we have regular meetings to discuss the ongoing work and to also discuss about the functioning in the office, and all of which helps in streamlining and getting work done at the right pace.
With your extensive experience as an AOR before the Supreme Court of India and representing high-profile clients such as Mahindra & Mahindra and ICICI Bank, is there one case that particularly stands out as memorable? If so, could you share your experience dealing with that case and how you prepared for it, with our readers?
I have always believed that no matter is ever big or small and that every case or brief deserves the same amount of respect and dedication. As a matter of practise at our office we always strive to strike a balance between the type of cases that we take up, so on one hand while we are dealing with matters relating to commercial interest of companies and other matters involving substantial transactions, on the other hand we also have matters which we take up on pro -bono basis and more often than not that it is the latter type which always stands out for me in terms of being memorable.
I can tell you about a few recent ones that our office dealt with and I am very happy to share that in one of them the Hon’ble Supreme Court settled the law with respect to the offense of abetment vis-à-vis the offense of bigamy. In this matter we were appearing for the wife whose husband allegedly got married for the second time. However, the Hon’ble High Court allowing the petition filed by the relatives of the second wife held that bigamy is not an offense of wider amplitude and thus there can be no question of its abetment and allowed the Petition thereby setting aside the summoning order. Interestingly, the Petitioner in this case first approached the Legal Services Committee which rejected her case saying that there are no grounds to interfere with the judgment of the High Court as it is on sound principles of law.
When the Petitioner approached us we ran through the papers and found that the observations of the High Court were completely uncalled for. We decided to take up the case pro bono and during its preparation our entire office was busy collating judgments and going through commentaries on abetment and bigamy and once we were done we had judgments ranging from 1902 to 2024 covering the subject. We argued our case before the Hon’ble Apex Court and the Bench of the Hon’ble Chief Justice was pleased to note that the observations of the High Court on bigamy were in teeth of the judgments of this Court and further also set the principle that the offense of abetment to bigamy is applicable and can be imposed when conditions are met.
Similarly we had another case where we were appearing pro bono for a deaf and mute person and our challenge was that the disability of the person cannot be used as a ground to deny him his basic rights. In order to research for the same we went through a lot of literature on sign language and even the different types of symbols & signs and also learnt how the same sign used can have different meanings as this sign language varies in regional languages. I would say it is always the preparation of these cases that is the most memorable part for me.
Given your specialization in Intellectual Property law and the growth of e-commerce and technology-driven businesses in India, how do you envision the future of intellectual property protection in the digital economy?
Every industry player, be it in any kind of industry, wants to make sure that their product or service be associated with their name or mark or their brand and that the customer should not come looking for the service or the product but should come for the name. This is where the role of intellectual property comes in. It is a very vast subject and the implications it can have on one’s business are huge.
The digital economy is characterised by its global outreach which involves innovations at a rapid pace and places huge reliance on intangible assets. Thus, having a robust and strong IP presence is at the heart of every business strategy.
In this dynamic environment, the most important thing that people or consumers look for is authenticity and trust. Intellectual property is literally the backbone of these attributes as it creates a foundation that allows business to distinguish themselves in this crowded digital marketplace.
A strong mark creates that bridge of trust between a business and its consumers which is more relevant than ever in the e-commerce era and technology driven sectors as the physical interaction with the product is almost zero and the decision hinges particularly on the reputation and goodwill associated with the brand.
But when we talk of the future of IP in this digital economy it hinges on and is intrinsically tied to the ability of stakeholders to adapt to new challenges. On one side we have the global reach of the digital marketplace but we also need to keep an eye on the amplified risks associated with IP infringement in the digital space and as we witness the evolution of AI, there is no dearth of methods that can be used to exploit the gaps in IP protection. I would say that any business that takes Intellectual property as a strategic asset will not only be in a position to safeguard its innovations but will also be able to cement its place in the digital economy.
In your experience with real estate law, what do you believe is the biggest challenge facing developers and homeowners in India today?
I think the aspiration of owning a home contributed a lot towards the development of real estate laws. In fact there was a time when everyday the newspapers used to be filled with advertisements of new housing and commercial projects coming up which would boast about their spacious apartments, extra facilities like gyms, spas, and landscaped gardens. Homebuyers and investors, lured by these promises, poured significant resources into these projects, often viewing them as secure and high-yielding investments.
However, the real estate market is not immune to macroeconomic factors. Over time, rising inflation, increasing construction costs, and growing interest rates created a ripple effect that significantly impacted the financial ecosystem of this sector. One of the most critical challenges that emerged was the cyclical nature of defaults. A delay or default in payments by homebuyers often strained the liquidity of developers, causing them to default on their financial obligations, including project completion. Conversely, when developers failed to deliver on time, homebuyers faced financial distress, particularly those servicing home loans.
The result is a pervasive sense of mistrust and financial instability, which has triggered a flood of legal disputes between developers and homeowners and the same has thus manifested across various legal forums like consumer commissions, RERA and even NCLT.
A key challenge that becomes a major issue in the real estate sector is the financial interdependence of buyers and developers. Sometimes delays in payment can cause a domino effect and the entire project suffers. Additionally this sector is also exposed to certain broader economic and policy issues such as land acquisition, inflation, market fluctuation which add to the complexity.
Another key challenge for developers is navigating the different regulatory frameworks. While legislations such as the Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA) aim to ensure transparency and accountability, compliance can be burdensome, particularly for smaller developers. On the other hand, homeowners often face the challenge of enforcing their rights in the face of delays, substandard construction, or outright abandonment of projects. For many, the legal process can be daunting, time-consuming, and financially draining.
What advice would you offer to young lawyers who aspire to have a successful career like you as an AOR? How can they best prepare for success in these fields, and what challenges should they anticipate?
The transition from law school to practice can be very overwhelming. Early in the career, lawyers may often feel that the financial returns are not to be commensurate with the effort that is being put in. To all the young lawyers and students reading this I would say patience and perseverance are very crucial in this phase. Litigation demands unwavering commitment, discipline and adaptability. A litigation office often operates like a fire brigade where unexpected challenges arise and immediate action is required. Litigation often involves juggling multiple cases with overlapping deadlines. Time management and prioritization are critical.
As an AOR, drafting pleadings and petitions is a significant part of your role. Meticulous research and clear, concise drafting can make or break a case. Cultivate the habit of reading judgments critically and understanding the reasoning behind them. At the same time, young lawyers need to work hard to familiarise themselves with the emerging technologies and be savvy with legal research platforms, case management software, e-filing systems, and virtual court proceedings.
To build a successful career as an AOR or as a lawyer preparation and persistence are key. While preparation will always remain first, the art of presentation is as important. Pay attention to how senior lawyers argue their cases in court. Learn the art of persuasion, and work on your confidence and communication skills.
Given the demands of your profession, how do you manage to unwind and maintain a healthy work-life balance?
The profession has its perks. Many would agree that as lawyers, we are fortunate to have the benefit of scheduled vacations—once during the summer, once in the winter, and a handful of breaks throughout the year. While our work philosophy is firmly grounded in the “work comes first” principle, we are also mindful of the challenges posed by such a demanding profession. Balancing personal well-being alongside professional responsibilities is essential.
For me personally, travel plays a significant role in unwinding and recharging. I’ve discovered that I am more of a “lazy traveller,” someone who eagerly looks forward to new destinations but ends up spending most of the vacation relaxing, sleeping, and taking it slow. This approach allows me to truly disconnect from the pressures of work and focus on re-energizing myself. Whether it’s exploring a new place or simply enjoying a change of scenery, taking time off helps me return to my practice with a renewed sense of purpose and clarity.
You completed your Bachelor in Civil Law at Brasenose College, University of Oxford. Was law always the career path you envisioned for yourself and what motivated you to pursue law as a profession?
My tryst with law was accidental. I had lost my Civics book, a day prior to my final exams in school. My father sat me down with a copy of the Constitution of India and spoke about Keshvananda Bharti. Whilst reading through the charter on Fundamental rights and duties, I came across the wide powers of the courts as enforcers and protectors of rights and therefore, by default, the duty of the lawyers to bring causes to justice. That was it! Dreamy eyed about the change and difference that lawyers can make to society (of course also influenced by Alan Shore from Boston Legal), I decided to pursue Law as my profession.
Early in your career, you worked at several prestigious law firms before transitioning to work with Senior advocates like Mr. Akhil Sibal and Mr. K.K. Venugopal. How would you describe the cultural differences between these two environments, and how did you adapt to each?
There are definite distinctions and also certain similarities in the working culture of a Law Firm when compared to a Counsel’s Chamber.
Starting with the distinction first, at a law firm, you are exposed to direct client dealings, extensive drafting and working with many counsels and senior counsels. You are involved with filing and getting matters listed, billing and preparing recording letters for the client.
On the other hand, working in a Senior Advocate’s chamber gives you a balcony view into the mind of the lawyer- her/his quirks, style of presentation, method of preparation and the ultimate act of reading the law and convincing the bench with arguments. Preparation of briefing notes involved detailed churning of legal research with factual analysis.
Coming to the similarity– at both places, you are expected to work hard and stay abreast with the law and the legal system. The working hours don’t get better at either, and you learn and gain immensely at both!
Therefore, whilst the scope of work for the junior may differ in a Law Firm when compared to a Senior’s chamber, the expectations from her/him to give their best- remains the same.
Having worked closely with prominent Senior Advocates like Mr. K.K. Venugopal, what are some of the most valuable lessons you’ve learned from them, and how have those lessons shaped your approach to legal practice?
Working with a venerated counsel like Mr. Venugopal- who is an institution in himself, was a guiding factor in me truly coming to love the law and understand the rigours and discipline that are basic tenets for a lawyer. Boss, as we all call him in his chamber, taught us that there are no shortcuts to success. Even today, whilst preparing for a matter, he refers to judgments and makes copious notes, with the same curiosity as he would have if he were reading it for the first time, despite having argued many of them himself and having applied them in several instances. During arguments, Boss could ask any question from the briefing junior, which was born from the facts stated in the file or beyond, which meant that we had to always be on top of things and be prepared for a volley of questions- sometimes tougher than what came from the bench itself. This taught us to be prepared beyond the file, to ask questions and analyse, to fact-check and to never argue on conjectures. Boss would rarely ever raise his voice at us and his disappointment was often remarked with a long sigh reverberating in a whistle, the consequence of which was far stronger than mere words. He taught us the discipline to reach court early irrespective of how late your matter was on board. He taught us to be fair and to act as an ethical officer of the court. He treats every colleague of his as an extension of his family. One instance that I will never forget was, when I was seeking a passover for him in Court as he was stuck before another bench, and the concerned Judge asked me to argue the matter instead. He came in the middle of my arguments, but patted me on my back and asked me to continue arguing and sat right next to me-that kind of encouragement to a young counsel starting out in their career meant a lot! Despite working so hard, boss also taught us to not take ourselves too seriously and to always remain curious. In his own words, he taught us that “to know that you don’t know is the beginning of knowledge.” I am truly blessed to be a part of his chamber- which has had a large part in shaping me as a lawyer.
Working with Mr. K.K. Venugopal on landmark cases like the Right to Privacy case must have been an enriching experience. Could you share some insights from your involvement in that case and how it has influenced your career?
Being a part of the 9 Judge bench’s unanimous declaration of the right to privacy as a fundamental right definitely stands out for me as one of the most exhilarating experiences in my short stint as a lawyer. Days preceding and during the hearing were spent reading countless judgments, articles, international covenants, and expert views on the issue. As a student of law, partaking in thought-provoking arguments from some of the finest minds in the country- at bar and on bench, was outstanding. It exposed me to understand the many different silos that exist in the right to privacy, beyond its manifest existence in body integrity. As a counsel, I have applied the said doctrine in my matters dealing with data privacy and boundaries of authentication and digital records. We are all richer in our rights by the said decision and I couldn’t be more grateful for having been a part of this landmark case.
After gaining experience with top law firms and senior advocates, you made the transition to establishing your own practice. What motivated that shift, and what were some of the challenges you faced when starting your independent practice?
Like any other counsel, I also dreamt of having my own independent practise and to put my training to task. So, after about 8 years of apprenticeship, and with a small handful of clients, I decided to take the plunge and went independent. The initial days were tough especially as the quality and quantity of work that comes to you as a fresh, off the hook, independent counsel is very different from what you may have done in the senior’s chambers or in firms. But the free time gives you an opportunity to read and update your knowledge base. Being on the panel for the Union of India at the time gave me the opportunity to work on diverse areas of law and appear in court regularly. Soon after, I was appointed as the Deputy Advocate General for the State of Chhattisgarh. As special counsel, I successfully represented the Special Task force in Rajasthan in a multi-cooperative society scam involving thousands of crores of Rupees, which added to my experience. When I look back, my takeaway has been to be patient, to keep up the hard-work, and to know that every opportunity and every win or loss is a golden ticket to learn something new. I am extremely grateful for my fears and experiences, which play a part in shaping me as a lawyer today.
As an Advocate on Record and now running your own practice in areas like Constitutional and Administrative Law, Arbitration, Data Protection etc. You’re clearly dealing with highly complex issues. Could you share one of the most interesting or challenging cases you’ve worked on, and how did you prepare for that case?
A very interesting case that I recently argued was the 7 judges constitutional bench reference on the issue of sub-classification of reservation benefits to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe seeking re-consideration of the decision in E.V. Chinnaiah v. State of Andhra Pradesh and Ors. [(2005) 1 SCC 394]. In order to justify the reversal of the earlier judgment required presenting the Hon’ble court with constituent assembly debates- to show the original intent of the constitutional framers. I argued that Compensatory discrimination, as a subset of Affirmative Action, has the preliminary goal of curbing discrimination and the ultimate goal of its eradication. I presented empirical data to show that Scheduled Caste as a group is heterogeneous in its form and acute disparity exists within the groups and treating them with the same brush of representation is antithetical to the concept of substantive equality. Several scholarly writings on the subject, such as Marc Galanter’s book-Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India, J.H. Hutton’s book, Caste in India: Its Nature, Functions and Origins, celebrated Austrian Economist Friedrich A. Hayek’s work on the Constitution of Liberty, to name a few, came to my extensive aid. We are now in receipt of the landmark judgment, where my arguments have found mention, and which lays down the distinguished principle of sub-classification of reservation benefits as a facet of substantive equality.
Given the demanding nature of your work, especially your role as Counsel for the Union of India in the Supreme Court, how do you manage to maintain a work-life balance? What strategies do you use to recharge and stay passionate about law?
I remember reading the quote somewhere that “The law is a jealous mistress and requires long and constant courtship. It is not to be won by trifling favors, but by lavish homage.” I couldn’t agree more- it takes away most of your weekends and expects you to burn the midnight oil. But the profession is also like riding a wave, some days are crazier than others-So in my free time, I love to read, spend time with my family and pursue my hobbies. Also, the court calendar sets out long vacation periods, allowing us to travel or take time off, which for me, is the best energiser. Staying passionate about law comes from staying in tune with the changing times and also from rigorous reading and discussions. Even if I am not involved in a matter, I love watching cases being argued in court and to witness legal jurisprudence develop. Discussion with my colleagues in the office is an enriching exchange of fresh ideas. Legal conferences can also be a great venue to brainstorm and to learn from other’s experiences and discussions.
For young lawyers just starting out, particularly in the fields of litigation and international/domestic arbitration, what advice would you offer to help them navigate these complex areas and build a successful career?
Young lawyers just starting out today have far more exposure and better understanding of the nuances of law and its practise, than I remember having, when I started out. The only thing that I sometimes find lacking in young lawyers is patience. I see young counsels diving into calling themselves specialists without knowing basic procedural laws. Also, whilst arguing matters in the Apex Court or doing big ticket arbitrations is a thrilling experience, learning from the ground carries you higher. Walking through the registries and learning how to get defects cured and getting matters filed and listed, to me, is as crucial as knowing how to argue a case. These learnings help you especially when you start out on your own and have to run an office and give time commitments to your client. In today’s time, being comfortable with technology is a must- both for litigation and Arbitration. Staying abreast with evolving law helps you stand out. AI based research may have made life easier, but it is crucial that the foundations are laid stronger and provisions in a statute are read before diving into research. In my opinion, perseverance, hard work and integrity are key ingredients to success for any and all.
You completed your B. Com (Hons.) degree in 2002. How did your background in commerce shape your decision to pursue a career in law?
Ah, actually I never dreamt or thought to become an advocate and did my graduation in Commerce to become a Chartered Accountant. Somehow, when I was about to start my studies for CA Exams, I was advised by my Uncle who is a CA himself to choose law as a career. He was of the view that an Advocate has the capability to represent the Client for fervently. I had a passion for justice as I belong to a sub-rural area of Uttar Pradesh and during my schooling days and so of college days, I had seen many such instances of injustice. I will say thanks to almighty to allow me to do graduation in Commerce as the skills and understanding of financial systems and economic principles, which I developed while pursuing my B. Com (Hons.) degree, later proved to be crucial in handling intricate income tax and benami matters. My choice of studying law was certainly not my choice, however, since after completion of my studies of law, pursuing the practice of law was/is not just a career choice for me and in fact, it is a commitment to contribute towards building a fairer society.
After enrolling as an advocate with the Bar Council of Delhi in 2006, how did your early career experiences help you navigate the challenges of becoming a prominent legal professional?
My early years in practice were like stepping into a rigorous legal boot camp.My senior was a very humble person and he always allowed me to appear in Courts and during my 4 and half year stint as an associate in his office, I got the opportunity to travel throughout the Country and had appearance in almost more than half of the High Courts of Country. I had the benefit of doing arbitration, civil and services including Telecom dispute cases. Every brief, every court appearance sharpened my skills. I remember juggling diverse matters, from criminal matters to intricate civil matters. This exposure taught me resilience and the art of crafting compelling arguments. More importantly, it imbibed a sense of humility and the understanding that every case, no matter how small, deserves meticulous attention.
As a Special Public Prosecutor for the Income Tax Department under the Income Tax & Black Money Act, what has been your experience handling cases in this role?
Representing the Income Tax Department has been both challenging and fulfilling. Each case is a battle against financial complexities and ingenious tax evasions. I have been entrusted with the task of prosecuting several high profile cases like Gautam Khaitan, Sanjay Bhandari etc. I have the privilege to be appointed as Special Counsel by the Ministry of Finance to represent prosecution matters at Bhopal as well. So, what I learnt is that, the Officers who are the work force behind these prosecution matters, meticulously examine their cases which is generally the result of hard work and patience. The role of Public Prosecutor does not remain stringent to the documents provided but also to personally examine the merits/demerits and properly opine. Being the SPP, I had the occasion to provide several key opinions which were very well appreciated and the same carried satisfaction in terms of intellectual well being.
As a lawyer with almost two decades of experience, what personal values and principles have guided you throughout your career, and how do you continue to motivate yourself amidst challenging cases?
Integrity and diligence are my north stars. The legal profession demands not just brilliance but a deep sense of responsibility. I’ve always believed that a lawyer’s word should carry as much weight as a legal document. Motivation, for me, comes from the pursuit of justice, knowing that my efforts can shape lives, industries, and sometimes even policies.
As an Arbitrator with the Delhi International Arbitration Centre (DIAC), how do you approach the arbitration process? Could you also share any particularly challenging arbitration cases you have handled and your key findings in that case?
Arbitration is about adjudication of disputes while keeping in mind the sound principles of law, public policy with efficiency. My approach is to foster collaboration while adhering strictly to legal principles. One challenging case related to arbitration is still pending before the Hon’ble Division Bench of High Court of Delhi, however, upto limited extent, i can elaborate by pointing out that the biggest challenge to arbitration is larger time being taken at the stage of objection u/s 34 & further appeal u/s 37 of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act.
Given the demanding nature of your practice and responsibilities, how do you unwind and balance your personal commitments alongside your professional obligations?
Balance is key, though it often feels like an art rather than a science. I find solace in reading, both legal and non-legal literature, and spending quality time with family. Occasionally, a quiet walk or a weekend getaway helps reset my mind, allowing me to return to work with renewed vigor. I love to travel.
How does your law firm KSLO foster an environment of collaboration and continuous learning within the firm to maintain its standing as a multi-disciplinary legal expert?
KSLO thrives on a culture of mentorship and innovation. I always wanted to develop a law firm which would provide easy solutions to its clients and assistance seekers. We actively encourage our team to engage in cross-disciplinary training and discussions. Every team member is both a student and a teacher, sharing insights from diverse cases. This collaborative approach ensures that we stay at the forefront of legal expertise. I am planning to expand more by having offices in different cities of our country.
As a first-generation lawyer, what advice would you give to young law students and aspiring lawyers who wish to excel in the field of litigation and public law?
My advice? Embrace the grind litigation brings in your life. Litigation is a marathon and not a sprint. Don’t forget success comes to those who combine patience with persistence. Never stop learning as laws evolve, and so must you. Most importantly, stay grounded as your integrity and reputation will be your strongest assets in this profession. Last but not the least, stay for a firm time with one good senior who can guide you in the profession.
With over 13 years of extensive legal experience as an Advocate and over 6 years as an Advocate on Record at the Supreme Court of India, what inspired you to choose law as your career path?
The inspiration to pursue law came from multiple sources. My mother is a significant influence— she joined the legal profession at the age of 45, once my elder brother had joined the Army, my elder sister was in college pursuing medicine, and I was transitioning from Class 10 to 11. Her resilience and passion greatly inspired me. Growing up, I was also deeply interested in reading newspapers and absorbing information. This habit nurtured my analytical thinking and my drive to stay informed, traits that have greatly helped me in my legal career; I became fascinated by the stories of lawyers and how their work shaped society. The idea that lawyers could make such a difference, combined with the intellectual challenge and professional independence aligned perfectly with my aspirations and personality, making law the ideal career choice for me.
What motivated you to start your own practice after completing your law degree, and what were some of the initial challenges you encountered while setting up?
Once you choose to become a practicing lawyer, the natural progression is to set up an independent practice. The real challenge, however, is deciding when to take that step. For me, the motivation was always there—it was a matter of timing. I started as a chamber junior, gradually assisting other lawyers on case-to-case basis, and eventually became an Advocate-on-Record in 2018, which marked my readiness to embrace independent practice. Every stage before that was preparation, building the skills and confidence needed to take the plunge.
A key factor in making the transition successful is cultivating strong professional relationships. In our profession, seniors often move on to more complex and high-value cases as they gain experience, leaving opportunities for younger lawyers to handle the work they previously did. If you maintain positive relationships and avoid burning bridges, seniors are more likely to trust you with cases or clients they can no longer manage, providing you with both work and credibility.
The challenges of independent practice are significant. Financial uncertainty, ensuring timely client payments, and retaining clients require tact and effort. Additionally, during slow periods, staying productive is crucial. These moments should not feel like “off days.” Instead, they are opportunities to improve skills, network, and prepare for future cases. Success in independent practice requires resilience, adaptability, and consistent effort to navigate uncertainties and grow.
Given your diverse legal practice, could you share a particularly challenging constitutional law case you have argued before the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India? What strategies did you use in preparing for the case?
One of the most challenging constitutional law cases I argued before the Hon’ble Supreme Court involved the arbitrary exercise of legislative and executive powers in notifying sporting events as “Events of National Importance” under the Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharti) Act, 2007. The case raised critical questions about the violation of Article 14 of the Constitution, focusing on the lack of objective criteria for determining such events, which led to inconsistencies and arbitrariness in notifications.
The case attracted significant attention as it directly impacted the sports broadcasting industry, threatening the revenue models of major broadcasters who relied on exclusive rights. During the admission hearing, the courtroom saw intense arguments from several senior advocates representing the broadcasters, emphasizing how arbitrary classifications undermined their profitability and autonomy.
Our challenge focused on the absence of transparent guidelines, arguing that such notifications disregarded constitutional principles of equality and fairness. Drawing comparisons with global best practices, such as the “anti-siphoning lists” in Australia and “listed events” in the UK, we highlighted how these systems balanced public access with commercial interests.
Preparation of the case, required multi-faceted approach to address its complexity and ensure a robust argument. This began with in-depth legal research, focusing on judicial precedents related to Article 14, comparative analysis of global practices, including the “anti-siphoning lists” in Australia and “listed events” in the UK, to highlight the lack of transparency and objectivity in the Indian framework. A meticulous review of the notifications issued under the Act revealed inconsistencies, demonstrating how events of significant public interest were excluded while less important ones were arbitrarily included. Collaborative brainstorming with colleagues helped refine arguments and anticipate counterpoints, especially given the presence of senior advocates representing major broadcasters. Mock arguments further ensured clarity and precision in presenting key submissions. The strategy also involved framing the issue as one that extended beyond commercial concerns, emphasizing the public interest in accessing culturally significant events.
Can you share some impactful experiences from the “Lawyers on Borders” project that demonstrate the critical role of legal support for soldiers and their families?
The “Lawyers on Borders” initiative, launched by the KhushHal Bharat Public Charitable Trust in collaboration with VanGuard Legal, addresses the legal challenges faced by serving and retired Indian Armed Forces personnel and their families. Since November 2023, it has provided free legal consultancy, litigation support, and educational resources to over 50 soldiers and their families, covering civil, criminal, service, and consumer matters. Leveraging its extensive network and technology, VanGuard Legal operates a dedicated helpline, offers pro bono advisory services, and provides litigation support on a needs basis at most reasonable fees. Regular updates are shared via helplines, emails, Google Meet, and WhatsApp, ensuring convenience and accessibility even for soldiers in remote areas. This initiative embodies a commitment to safeguarding the rights and dignity of those who serve the nation, delivering legal solutions with the professionalism of a top-tier law firm.
How do you manage the dual responsibilities of being an Advocate on Record at the Supreme Court and leading VanGuard Legal? What challenges do you face in balancing both roles effectively?
Managing the dual responsibilities is undoubtedly demanding, but it is also deeply fulfilling. It requires careful planning, thoughtful delegation, and a sharp focus on priorities. I ensure my court work and client commitments are well-structured, allowing me to give focused attention to both roles. At VanGuard Legal, I am fortunate to have a dedicated and capable team that manages day-to-day operations, while I oversee strategic decisions and maintain the quality of our services. To ensure efficiency, my chamber and the firm operate as separate entities from distinct physical spaces.
Balancing time and energy can be challenging, particularly during peak litigation periods or when handling complex cases. However, open communication with and within the team and leveraging technology have been crucial in streamlining processes and ensuring that both roles align seamlessly. What inspires me the most is the work we are doing at VanGuard Legal, especially through the Lawyers on Borders project. It is more than just legal work—it feels like a way to repay our debt to the country and give back to those who serve us selflessly. This sense of purpose keeps me motivated and committed to making a meaningful impact.
How has your experience as an Advocate on Record at the Supreme Court contributed to the growth of your professional practice, and how do you keep yourself updated on the latest trends in the legal field?
It has profoundly enhanced my professional practice, allowing me to deepen my understanding of complex legal issues while honing my skills in drafting, advocacy, and strategy. It has also pushed me to develop my intellectual and cognitive faculties, sharpening my ability to analyze and address intricate cases. Representing a diverse range of clients at the highest judicial forum has strengthened my confidence, broadened my professional network across the country, and exposed me to the multifaceted challenges of the legal profession.
Beyond professional growth, this journey has enriched me personally. Becoming an AOR brought with it the honor of representing my peers as an elected member of the Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association—a responsibility I hold close to my heart. Securing the runner-up position in the first Hackathon organized by the Hon’ble Supreme Court was another milestone that reinforced my belief in innovation and teamwork.
Reflecting on this journey, from a small-town upbringing to standing before the Supreme Court, fills me with both immense satisfaction and a renewed sense of resolve.
To stay updated on the latest trends in the legal field, I make it a point to actively follow landmark judgments, legislative developments, and esteemed legal publications. Engaging in discussions with peers and participating in seminars, lectures and other programmes organised by SCAORA, SCBA and other platforms allows me to exchange ideas and gain fresh perspectives. I also rely on technology to access global legal resources, which keeps me informed and well-prepared for the evolving challenges of the profession.
In my free time, I enjoy exploring emerging tools like GPTs and similar platforms, where I engage in debates, discussions, and predictive analyses of legal and broader issues. While no one can predict the future with certainty, these interactions offer fascinating insights into the potential directions the profession might take. It excites me to imagine how legal practice could evolve and to prepare myself for those changes. At the same time, this exploration serves as a refreshing intellectual exercise, keeping me curious and forward-looking.
As a mentor to younger lawyers and law students, what advice do you offer to those aiming to build a successful career in litigation and corporate practice?
Start by mastering the fundamentals of law, developing strong drafting and research skills, and gaining hands-on experience through internships in diverse areas. Ideally, start from the Trial Courts moving up to Higher Courts. Work under experienced mentors who can guide you and help refine your skills while navigating the challenges of the profession. Communication and interpersonal skills are critical—both for courtroom advocacy and collaborative corporate work. Stay updated on legal developments, leverage technology to enhance your efficiency, and actively network with seniors and peers to create opportunities rather than waiting for them to come to you. Success, especially in our profession takes time, so be patient, persistent, and disciplined. Treat each day as a new opportunity—finish what you start, avoid procrastination, and tackle challenges with calm determination. Take pride in your profession, remain mentally agile under pressure, and continuously train yourself to be a powerhouse of knowledge and eloquence. Always maintain humility in your interactions, even as you take confidence in your growing abilities. This is a lifelong learning process—embrace it with passion, adaptability, and integrity, as your reputation and commitment to excellence will ultimately define your success.
How do you manage the demands of being an Advocate on Record and leading your firm, while also maintaining balance with your personal obligations?
We all operate within the same 24-hour framework, balancing the demands of personal and professional life. However, how effectively we use these hours determines our success and well-being. These days, many people adopt irregular routines, staying up late and following inconsistent sleep schedules. While a number of conversations these days often emphasize flexibility in choosing one’s schedule, the reality is that our profession demands a disciplined and structured approach to time management.
While it is essential to identify your own personal rhythm—understanding when you are most productive and at your best, however, a time-tested approach for our field is adhering to the principle of “early to bed and early to rise.” This routine not only ensures physical health but also sharpens mental clarity and focus, both of which are non-negotiable for success in the legal profession. Good health and wisdom form the bedrock of this career, and financial success inevitably follows when these two are in place. In a demanding profession like ours, maintaining discipline in your daily routine is not just advisable—it is essential for sustaining long-term excellence and balance.
One essential quality every lawyer should cultivate is the ability to switch between their professional and personal modes, even more so when family members or close friends are also part of the legal profession, such as in husband-wife, parent-child, or sibling relationships. While it is natural for discussions about law to spill over into personal spaces, it is equally important to consciously step out of your “lawyer mode” when you are with your family and friends.
Learning to disconnect from the professional mindset allows you to nurture your personal relationships, which are your greatest sources of strength, comfort, and happiness. Your loved ones offer the emotional balance and support needed to thrive in a demanding profession. By creating boundaries between your professional and personal life, you ensure that your personal relationships remain fulfilling and unaffected by the pressures of work, ultimately contributing to both your mental well-being and professional success.
